Cho x, y là các số thực ko âm thỏa mãn x+y=1. Tìm GTNN của biểu thức
\(P=\dfrac{x}{y+1}+\dfrac{y}{x+1}\)
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Gợi ý: \(\dfrac{a^4+b^4}{2}\ge\left(\dfrac{a+b}{2}\right)^4\)
Ta có \(a^4+b^4\ge\dfrac{\left(a^2+b^2\right)^2}{2}\ge\dfrac{\left(\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{2}\right)^2}{2}=\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^4}{8}\). Áp dụng cho biểu thức A, suy ra \(A\ge\dfrac{\left(x^2+\dfrac{1}{x^2}+y^2+\dfrac{1}{y^2}+2\right)^4}{8}\). Ta tìm GTNN của \(P=x^2+\dfrac{1}{x^2}+y^2+\dfrac{1}{y^2}+2\). Ta có
\(P=x^2+\dfrac{1}{16x^2}+y^2+\dfrac{1}{16y^2}+\dfrac{15}{16}\left(\dfrac{1}{x^2}+\dfrac{1}{y^2}\right)+2\)
\(P\ge2\sqrt{x^2.\dfrac{1}{16x^2}}+2\sqrt{y^2.\dfrac{1}{16y^2}}+\dfrac{15}{16}\left(\dfrac{\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\right)^2}{2}\right)+2\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{15}{16}.\left(\dfrac{4^2}{2}\right)+2\) \(=\dfrac{21}{2}\). Do đó \(P\ge\dfrac{21}{2}\) \(\Leftrightarrow A\ge\dfrac{\left(\dfrac{17}{2}+2\right)^4}{8}\). Vậy GTNN của A là \(\dfrac{\left(\dfrac{17}{2}+2\right)^4}{8}\), ĐTXR \(\Leftrightarrow x=y=\dfrac{1}{2}\)
\(A\ge\dfrac{\left(1+2\right)^2}{x+y}=9\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(\left(x;y\right)=\left(\dfrac{1}{3};\dfrac{2}{3}\right)\)
\(P=\dfrac{1}{y}\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{z}\right)\ge\dfrac{1}{y}.\dfrac{4}{x+z}=\dfrac{4}{y\left(x+z\right)}\ge\dfrac{4}{\dfrac{\left(y+x+z\right)^2}{4}}=4\)
\(P_{min}=4\) khi \(\left(x;y;z\right)=\left(\dfrac{1}{2};1;\dfrac{1}{2}\right)\)
\(P=\dfrac{x}{\sqrt{y}}+\dfrac{y}{\sqrt{x}}\Rightarrow P^2=\dfrac{x^2}{y}+\dfrac{y^2}{x}+2\sqrt{xy}\)
\(P^2=\left(\dfrac{x^2}{y}+\sqrt{xy}+\sqrt{xy}\right)+\left(\dfrac{y^2}{x}+\sqrt{xy}+\sqrt{xy}\right)-2\sqrt{xy}\)
\(P^2\ge3x+3y-2\sqrt{xy}\ge3\left(x+y\right)-\left(x+y\right)=2\left(x+y\right)=4038\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\sqrt{4038}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(x=y=\dfrac{2019}{2}\)
Ta có:
\(P=\dfrac{x}{\sqrt{2019-x}}+\dfrac{y}{\sqrt{y-2019}}=\dfrac{x}{\sqrt{y}}+\dfrac{y}{\sqrt{x}}\ge\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y}\right)^2}{\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y}}=\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y}\)
Lại có:
\(P=\dfrac{x}{\sqrt{2019-x}}+\dfrac{y}{\sqrt{2019-y}}=\dfrac{2019-y}{\sqrt{y}}+\dfrac{2019-x}{\sqrt{x}}\\ =\dfrac{2019}{\sqrt{x}}+\dfrac{2019}{\sqrt{y}}-\sqrt{x}-\sqrt{y}\)
\(\Rightarrow2P=\dfrac{2019}{\sqrt{x}}+\dfrac{2019}{\sqrt{y}}=2019\left(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{y}}\right)\ge2019\cdot\dfrac{2}{\sqrt[4]{xy}}\\ \ge2019\dfrac{2}{\sqrt[2]{\dfrac{x+y}{2}}}=2019\cdot\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{\dfrac{2019}{2}}}=2\sqrt{2}\sqrt{2019}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\sqrt{2}\sqrt{2019}\)
Dấu = khi \(x=y=\dfrac{2019}{2}\)
Áp dụng bđt : \(\dfrac{1}{a}\)+ \(\dfrac{1}{b}\) ≥ \(\dfrac{4}{a+b}\)(dấu "=" xảy ra ⇔ a=b)
⇒ P= \(\dfrac{1}{x+1}\)+ \(\dfrac{1}{y+2}\) ≥ \(\dfrac{4}{x+1+y+2}\) = \(\dfrac{4}{3+3}\) = \(\dfrac{2}{3}\)
Vậy Pmin=\(\dfrac{3}{2}\) ; dấu '=" xảy ra ⇔ \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+1=y+2\\x+y=3\end{matrix}\right.\) ⇔ \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=2\\y=1\end{matrix}\right.\)
Nếu tồn tại 1 số bằng 0 \(\Rightarrow P=1\)
Nếu x;y đều dương:
\(P=\dfrac{x^2}{xy+x}+\dfrac{y^2}{xy+y}\ge\dfrac{\left(x+y\right)^2}{2xy+x+y}\ge\dfrac{\left(x+y\right)^2}{\dfrac{1}{2}\left(x+y\right)^2+x+y}=\dfrac{2}{3}\)
\(P_{min}=\dfrac{2}{3}\) khi \(x=y=\dfrac{1}{2}\)
Bài này có thể tìm được cả max:
\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}y+1\ge1\Rightarrow\dfrac{x}{y+1}\le x\\x+1\ge1\Rightarrow\dfrac{y}{x+1}\le y\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow P=\dfrac{x}{y+1}+\dfrac{y}{x+1}\le x+y=1\)
\(P_{max}=1\) khi \(\left(x;y\right)=\left(0;1\right)\) và hoán vị