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Kẻ PD và BE vuông góc AC
Định lý phân giác: \(\dfrac{AN}{NC}=\dfrac{AB}{BC}\Rightarrow\dfrac{AN}{AN+NC}=\dfrac{AB}{AB+BC}\Rightarrow\dfrac{AN}{AC}=\dfrac{AB}{AB+BC}=\dfrac{c}{a+c}\)
Tương tự: \(\dfrac{AP}{AB}=\dfrac{b}{a+b}\)
Talet: \(\dfrac{PD}{BE}=\dfrac{AP}{AB}\)
\(\dfrac{S_{APN}}{S_{ABC}}=\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{2}PD.AN}{\dfrac{1}{2}BE.AC}=\dfrac{AP}{AB}.\dfrac{AN}{AC}=\dfrac{bc}{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}\)
Tương tự: \(\dfrac{S_{BPM}}{S_{ABC}}=\dfrac{ac}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}\) ; \(\dfrac{S_{CMN}}{S_{ABC}}=\dfrac{ab}{\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{S_{APN}+S_{BPM}+S_{CMN}}{S_{ABC}}=\dfrac{bc}{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}+\dfrac{ac}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{ab}{\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{S_{MNP}}{S_{ABC}}=\dfrac{S_{ABC}-\left(S_{APN}+S_{BPM}+S_{CMN}\right)}{S_{ABC}}=1-\left(\dfrac{bc}{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}+\dfrac{ac}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{ab}{\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{2abc}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}\)
2. Do ABC cân tại C \(\Rightarrow AC=BC=a\)
\(\dfrac{BC}{AB}=k\Rightarrow AB=\dfrac{BC}{k}=\dfrac{a}{k}\)
Do đó:
\(\dfrac{S_{MNP}}{S_{ABC}}=\dfrac{2abc}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}=\dfrac{2.a.a.\dfrac{a}{k}}{2a.\left(a+\dfrac{a}{k}\right)\left(a+\dfrac{a}{k}\right)}=\dfrac{k}{\left(k+1\right)^2}\)
Kẻ đường cao BH (H thuộc AC)
Do góc A nhọn \(\Rightarrow\) H nằm giữa A và C
Ta có: \(S_{ABC}=\dfrac{1}{2}BH.AC\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{2}{5}bc=\dfrac{1}{2}BH.b\)
\(\Rightarrow BH=\dfrac{4c}{5}\)
Áp dụng Pitago cho tam giác vuông ABH:
\(AH^2=AB^2-BH^2=c^2-\left(\dfrac{4c}{5}\right)^2=\dfrac{9c^2}{25}\Rightarrow AH=\dfrac{3c}{5}\)
\(\Rightarrow CH=AC-AH=b-\dfrac{3c}{5}\)
Pitago tam giác vuông BCH:
\(BC=\sqrt{BH^2+CH^2}=\sqrt{\left(\dfrac{4c}{5}\right)^2+\left(b-\dfrac{3c}{5}\right)^2}=\sqrt{b^2-\dfrac{6}{5}bc+c^2}\)