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Nowadays in the news you can read a lot about biotechnology and the controversies about it and perhaps you ask yourself what it is exactly. Well, this article is going to give you a brief history of the field of biotechnology and show you that, although the word “biotechnology” was first used in 1919, we have been using biotechnology for many thousands of years in ways that are completely uncontroversial. It will also look at the more modern developments which have started intense debate. When you are drinking a cold beer on a hot day, or eating a delicious cheese sandwich, you can thank biotechnology for the pleasure you are experiencing. That’s right! Beer, bread and cheese are all produced using biotechnology. Perhaps a definition will be useful to understand how. A standard definition is that biotechnology (or biotech for short) is the application of science and engineering to the direct or indirect use of living organisms. And as you know, the food and drink above are all produced by the fermentation of micro-organisms. In beer, the yeast multiplies as it eats the sugars in the mixture and turns them into alcohol and CO2. This ancient technique was first used in Egypt to make bread and wine around 4000BC! Antibiotics are used to prevent and treat diseases, especially those caused by bacteria. They are natural substances that are created by bacteria and fungi. The first antibiotic was made in China in about 500BC – to cure boils. In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and it was considered a medical miracle. Modern research is looking at the creation of super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them. Our modern consumer society produces a lot of waste which needs to be disposed of safely and without harmful end products. Environmental biotechnology can help. Indeed, the use of bacteria to treat sewage was first practiced in 1914 in Manchester, England. Vermiculture or using worms to treat waste is another environmentally-friendly practice and the end product is a natural fertiliser. Bacteria have even been developed to help with problems such as oil spills. They convert crude oil and gasoline into non-toxic substances such as carbon dioxide, water and oxygen and help create a cleaner, healthier environment. These examples of biotechnology are accepted by most people. However, the discovery of the DNA structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 was the beginning of the modern era of genetics and the following areas of biotech are very controversial. Read on… The genetic modification of plants and crops has been in practice for many years. This involves changing the genetic code of these plants so that they are more resistant to bad conditions like drought, floods and frost. Supporters of GM food say that it can offer the consumer better quality, safety and taste and for over a decade Americans have been eating GM food. However, things are very different in Europe where genetically modified food is very strictly regulated and regarded with deep suspicion by the public. GM food has even been called “Frankenfood” in the press, a term inspired by the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. There is a great cultural divide between America and Europe over whether such food is safe to eat and will not harm the environment and the discussion is still in progress. 1997 saw the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first animal cloned from an adult cell. This was a remarkable achievement which created world-wide debate on the ethical issues surrounding cloning. International organisations such as the European parliament, UNESCO and WHO all declared that human cloning is both morally and legally wrong. However, we need to make a distinction between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Nowadays the idea of reproductive cloning – creating a copy of another person - is no longer interesting for researchers. Instead therapeutic cloning is creating excitement in the biotech world. Key to this technique is stem cells, which are master cells that have the potential to become any other kind of cell in the body e.g. nerve cells, blood, heart muscle or even brain cells. Stem cells themselves have generated a lot of controversy as it was believed that only human embryos could provide them. However, it now appears that adult stem cells offer the same possibility. This would mean that a patient who suffered a heart attack could provide doctors with his adult stem cells which could then be implanted back into his heart and used to create heart muscle, replacing the muscle that was damaged. As the genetic code is identical, there would be no problem of the body rejecting the implant as, unfortunately, happens with organ transplants. In the future, biotechnologists hope that stem cells could be used to grow entire organs. In this way biotechnology offers the hope of revolutionising medical treatment. In this brief overview of the history of biotechnology we have jumped from making bread to making human organs - an enormous leap- and it is clear that these modern practices raise many controversial issues. However, despite the debate, we can imagine that as biotechnology has been around for many years, it will still be around for some time to come - but who knows where it will take us?
Questions:
After reading, choose the best answer for the following questions
1. What is the main topic of the article?
Brief history and modern developments of biotechnology
Benefit of biotechnology
Modern research in biotechnology
2. What does the pronoun "IT" in the first paragraph refer to?
Biotechnology
The article
The word "Biotechnology"
3. Which products were first made with fermentation of micro-organisms?
Beer, bread and cheese
Bread and wine
Beer and cheese
Decide whether the statement below is True or False.
4. Alexander Fleming discovered super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them.
TrueFalse
5. GM food is easily available in the U.S. and Europe.
TrueFalse
6.Researchers believe that adult stem cells could be used to create body parts.
TrueFalse
WHY PEOPLE WORK
All of us know that we have to work hard to earn a living ourselves and to support our family. However, we work not only for material life but also for many things that are beyond gaining money. We are working to affirm our ability on a certain field. We feel self-reliant, self-confident, and proud because we are financially independent.
Anyone who works is regarded as a useful member of society. We are working that means we are contributing useful goods and services to our country.
Working helps us train our skills and talents. We always try our best to do a good job. The better we work, the more money we earn and that motivate us to work harder. Without working, a man’s life will be empty, purposeless and meaningless and it is easy for a lazy jobless man to do wrongs.
1. We have to work hard _____
A. because we are forced to B. to make our material life better
C. to make ourselves purposeless D. All are correct
2. Besides money, ________________.
A. we can get many other benefits from work B. we can get some salary from work
C. we sometimes feel very meaningless D. we can not contribute anything to our country
3. The more we work _____ .
A. the duller we feel B. the less we earn C. the more we contribute to society D. A and B
4. What motivates us to work harder? - ______.
A. good job B. good pay C. good way D. good skills
5. Without working, one's life is _______.
A. better B. more confident C. self-reliant D. meaningless
John Fisher, a builder, and his wife Elizabeth wanted more living space, so they left small flat for an old 40-metre high castle tower. They have spent five years turning it into a beautiful home with six floors, winning three architectural prizes.
'I love the space, and being private,'Elizabeth says. 'You feel separated from the world. If I'm in the kitchen, which is 25 metres above the groud floor, and the doorbell rings, I don't have to answer it because visitor can't see I'm in!'.
There are 142 steps to the top, so i go up and down five or six times a day, it's very good exercise! But having to carry heavy things to the top is terrible, so i never buy two bags of shopping from the supermarket at a time. Apart from that, it's a brilliant place to live.'
'When we first saw the place, I asked my father's advice about buying it, because we couldn't decide. After paying for it, we were a bit worried because it looked awful. But we really loved it, and knew how we wamted it to look'
'Living here can be difficult - yesterday I climbed a four-metre ladder to clean the windows. But when you stand on the roof you can see all the way out to sea on a lear day, and that's a wonderful experience. I'm really glad we moved.'
1/ What is the writer trying to do in the test?
a/ Describe how to turn an old tower into a house
b/ Recommend a particular builder
c/ Describe what it is like to live in a tower
d/ Explain how to win prizes for building work
2/ From this text, a reader can find out
a/ Why visitors are not welcome at John and Elizabeth's house
b/ Why Elizabeth exercises everyday
c/ Why Elizabeth asked her father to buy the tower
d/ Why John and Elizabeth left the flat
3/ Which of the following best describes Elizabeth's feeling about the tower?
a/ She wanted it as soon as she saw it
b/ She likes most things about it
c/ She has been worried since they paid for it
d/ She finds it unsuitable to live in
4/ What problem does Elizabeth have with living in such a tall building
a/ Her visitor find it difficult to see if she is at home
b/ She feels separated from other people
c/ She cannot bring home lots of shopping at once.
d/ It is impossible to clean any of the window
5/ They were rather worried after paying for the castle because
a/ They really couldn't afford it
b/ It was about to collapse
c/ It looked terrible at first
d/ They were unable to take care of such a large house
John Fisher, a builder, and his wife Elizabeth wanted more living space, so they left small flat for an old 40-metre high castle tower. They have spent five years turning it into a beautiful home with six floors, winning three architectural prizes.
'I love the space, and being private,'Elizabeth says. 'You feel separated from the world. If I'm in the kitchen, which is 25 metres above the groud floor, and the doorbell rings, I don't have to answer it because visitor can't see I'm in!'.
There are 142 steps to the top, so i go up and down five or six times a day, it's very good exercise! But having to carry heavy things to the top is terrible, so i never buy two bags of shopping from the supermarket at a time. Apart from that, it's a brilliant place to live.'
'When we first saw the place, I asked my father's advice about buying it, because we couldn't decide. After paying for it, we were a bit worried because it looked awful. But we really loved it, and knew how we wamted it to look'
'Living here can be difficult - yesterday I climbed a four-metre ladder to clean the windows. But when you stand on the roof you can see all the way out to sea on a lear day, and that's a wonderful experience. I'm really glad we moved.'
1/ What is the writer trying to do in the test?
a/ Describe how to turn an old tower into a house
b/ Recommend a particular builder
c/ Describe what it is like to live in a tower
d/ Explain how to win prizes for building work
2/ From this text, a reader can find out
a/ Why visitors are not welcome at John and Elizabeth's house
b/ Why Elizabeth exercises everyday
c/ Why Elizabeth asked her father to buy the tower
d/ Why John and Elizabeth left the flat
3/ Which of the following best describes Elizabeth's feeling about the tower?
a/ She wanted it as soon as she saw it
b/ She likes most things about it
c/ She has been worried since they paid for it
d/ She finds it unsuitable to live in
4/ What problem does Elizabeth have with living in such a tall building
a/ Her visitor find it difficult to see if she is at home
b/ She feels separated from other people
c/ She cannot bring home lots of shopping at once.
d/ It is impossible to clean any of the window
5/ They were rather worried after paying for the castle because
a/ They really couldn't afford it
b/ It was about to collapse
c/ It looked terrible at first
d/ They were unable to take care of such a large house
Computers play an important role in our everyday lives, sometimes without us even realizing it. Consider the use (1)of computers in both shops and offices. Big shops especially chain stores with branches all over the country, have to deal with very large amounts of information. They have to make (2)sure that there are enough goods on the selves for customers to buy; they need to be (3)able to re-order befora stocks (4)run out, to decide which things are selling well and (5)go on. All these processes (6)are performed quickly and afficiently by computers. A (7)lot of offices work in the past involved information on paper. (8)Once it had been dealt with by people, the paper was put (9)aside for future reference. This way of working was (10)not particularly easy or fast. A computerized system is much more efficient.
1) According to the passage, what makes human communication possible?
A. human’s ability to communicate
B. language
C. human’s love for each other
D. human’s pr ofessions
2) Why is it easier for the Australian, the Americans and the British to take English for granted?
A. Because they don’t like English.
B. Because they are not forced to learn English.
C. Because they still live well without speaking English.
D. Because they were born with English as their primary language and they do not consciously realise its importance.
3) Based on the passage above, how many people use English world - wide?
A. one - third of the world’s population
B. two - thirds of the world’s population
C. half of the world’s population
D. 1.5 million people
4) Why is English becoming the number one language?
A. Because it is the simplest language in the world.
B. Because it is the language of the richest country in the world – the USA.
C. Because English has long been used by many people.
D. Because the need for communication across borderline increases.
5) Why should we be careful about choosing one particular language for all countries?
A. Because it takes a lot of time for a ll people in the world to learn a certain language.
B. Because all nations want to make their mother tongues the international language.
C. Because it may negatively affect an individual country’s national identity.
D. Because it’s hard to correct the mist ake once you have already chosen the wrong language
recycling/ nothing/ list/ vegetables/ something/ save/ trouble/ polluting/ taking. Our environment is in (1)trouble. Modern ways of living and today’s industries are (2)polluting it. Most people think there is (3) nothing they can do. This is not true. Everyone can do something to help (4) save our environment. Here is a (5)list of things you can do.
-
- Help to cut pollution by (6)taking the bus to work instead of your car.
- Buy fruit and (7) vegetables that have not been treated with pesticides.
- Recycle all your cans, bottles and paper. There should be a (8) recycling center somewhere near your home, so take them there.
Our environment is in trouble. Modern ways of living and today’s industries are polluting it. Most people think there is nothing they can do. This is not true. Everyone can do something to help save our environment. Here is a list of things you can do.
- Help to cut pollution by taking the bus to work instead of your car.
- Buy fruit and vegetables that have not been treated with pesticides.
- Recycle all your cans, bottles and paper. There should be a recycling center somewhere near your home, so take them there.
Most of the world’s energy comes from the sun. The sun’s energy is in wood, oil, and other things that people use for energy.
VI. Read the text then answer true or false
People use many sources of energy. Ancient people used only their arms, hands, and simple tools until they discovered fire. Later, people learned to use the energy of the wind to sail ships. Then they learned to use animals to do work. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, people began to use machines. The first machines used steam. They burned coal to heat water. The hot water turned into steam, and the steam engine did the work. Later, people began to use the gasoline engine, and today people are using nuclear energy. Energy is one of the basic concepts, or ideas, of physics. It is the ability to do work. Without energy we could live. We need energy to work, and scientists are always looking for new sources of energy.
1. None of the world’s energy comes from the sun. F
2. Wind, steam, and gasoline are sources of energy. T
3. People have never used nuclear energy. F
4. Energy is the ability to do work. T
5. We need new sources of energy. T
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