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\(\left(1+\dfrac{1}{n}\right)^n=C_n^0+C_n^1.\dfrac{1}{n}+C_n^2.\dfrac{1}{n^2}+...+C_n^n.\dfrac{1}{n^n}\)
\(=1+1+C_n^2.\dfrac{1}{n^2}+C_n^3.\dfrac{1}{n^3}+...+C_n^n.\dfrac{1}{n^n}\)
\(=2+C_n^2.\dfrac{1}{n^2}+C_n^3.\dfrac{1}{n^3}+...+C_n^n.\dfrac{1}{n^n}>2\)
Mặt khác:
\(C_n^k.\dfrac{1}{n^k}=\dfrac{n!}{k!\left(n-k\right)!.n^k}=\dfrac{\left(n-k+1\right)\left(n-k+2\right)...n}{n^k}.\dfrac{1}{k!}< \dfrac{n.n...n}{n^k}.\dfrac{1}{k!}=\dfrac{n^k}{n^k}.\dfrac{1}{k!}=\dfrac{1}{k!}\)
\(< \dfrac{1}{k\left(k-1\right)}=\dfrac{1}{k-1}-\dfrac{1}{k}\)
Do đó:
\(C_n^2.\dfrac{1}{n^2}+C_n^3.\dfrac{1}{n^3}+...+C_n^n.\dfrac{1}{n^n}< \dfrac{1}{1}-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{n-1}-\dfrac{1}{n}=1-\dfrac{1}{n}< 1\)
\(\Rightarrow2+C_n^2.\dfrac{1}{n^2}+C_n^3.\dfrac{1}{n^3}+...+C_n^n.\dfrac{1}{n^n}< 2+1=3\) (đpcm)
- Với \(n=4\Rightarrow3^3>4.6\) (đúng)
- Giả sử BĐT đã cho đúng với \(n=k\ge4\) hay \(3^{k-1}>k\left(k+2\right)\)
- Ta cần chứng minh nó cũng đúng với \(n=k+1\) hay: \(3^k>\left(k+1\right)\left(k+3\right)\)
Thật vậy, do \(k\ge4\Rightarrow k-3>0\), ta có:
\(3^k=3.3^{k-1}>3k\left(k+2\right)=3k^2+6k=\left(k^2+4k+3\right)+\left(2k^2+2k-3\right)\)
\(=\left(k+1\right)\left(k+3\right)+2k^2+k+\left(k-3\right)>\left(k+1\right)\left(k+3\right)\) (đpcm)
Số xấu thế nhỉ?
\(u_n=v_n+\dfrac{\sqrt{5}-3}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow v_{n+1}+\dfrac{\sqrt{5}-3}{2}=-\dfrac{1}{3+v_n+\dfrac{\sqrt{5}-3}{2}}\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}v_1=u_1-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}-3}{2}=\dfrac{5-\sqrt{5}}{2}\\v_{n+1}=\dfrac{\dfrac{3-\sqrt{5}}{2}v_n}{\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{2}+v_n}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(v_n=\dfrac{1}{y_n}\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{y_{n+1}}=\dfrac{\dfrac{3-\sqrt{5}}{2}.\dfrac{1}{y_n}}{\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{2}+\dfrac{1}{y_n}}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{y_{n+1}}=\dfrac{3-\sqrt{5}}{2y_n\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{2}+\dfrac{1}{y_n}\right)}=\dfrac{3-\sqrt{5}}{\left(3+\sqrt{5}\right)y_n+2}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow y_{n+1}=\dfrac{\left(3+\sqrt{5}\right)y_n}{3-\sqrt{5}}+\dfrac{2}{3-\sqrt{5}}\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}y_1=\dfrac{1}{v_1}=\dfrac{2}{5-\sqrt{5}}\\y_{n+1}=\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}y_n+\dfrac{2}{3-\sqrt{5}}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(z_n=y_n+\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}z_1=y_1+\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}=\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\\z_{n+1}=\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}z_n\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow z_n:csn-co:\left\{{}\begin{matrix}z_1=\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\\q=\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow z_{n+1}=\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}.\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n\)
\(\Rightarrow y_{n+1}=z_{n+1}-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}=\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}\)
\(v_{n+1}=\dfrac{1}{y_{n+1}}=\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}}\)
\(u_{n+1}=v_{n+1}+\dfrac{\sqrt{5}-3}{2}=\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}}+\dfrac{\sqrt{5}-3}{2}\)
Xét:
\(u_{n+2}-u_{n+1}=\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}.\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n.\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}}+\dfrac{\sqrt{5}-2}{2}-\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}}-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}-2}{2}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n.\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}}-\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}}\)
\(=\dfrac{\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n-\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n.\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)}{.....}\)
\(=\dfrac{\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n\left(1-\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)}{....}=\dfrac{\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{10}\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{3-\sqrt{5}}\right)^n.\left(-\dfrac{5+3\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)}{...}< 0\)
\(\Rightarrow\) dãy giảm
\(\Rightarrow u_1>u_2>....>u_n\)
\(\Rightarrow\lim\limits u_n=1\)
Bn tham khảo đây nhé: https://diendantoanhoc.org/topic/140204-t%C3%A0i-li%E1%BB%87u-d%C3%A3y-s%E1%BB%91/
