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Mg + 2HCl =====> MgCl2 + H2
2Al + 6HCl ====> 2AlCl3 +3H2
Fe + 2HCl ===> FeCl2 + H2
nHCl=25,5536,5=0,7(mol)nHCl=25,5536,5=0,7(mol)
nH2=6,7222,4=0,3(mol)nH2=6,7222,4=0,3(mol)
ta có 10 mol HCl pư tạo thành 5 mol H2
0.6 mol HCl pư tạo thành 0.3 mol H2
nhưng thực tế 0.7mol HCl pư tạo thành 0.3mol H2
=======> HCl dư 0.1 mol
\(n_{H_2}=\dfrac{11.2}{22.4}=0.5\left(mol\right)\)
\(2Al+6HCl\rightarrow2AlCl_3+3H_2\)
\(Fe+2HCl\rightarrow FeCl_2+H_2\)
\(Mg+2HCl\rightarrow MgCl_2+H_2\)
\(n_{HCl}=2n_{H_2}=0.5\cdot2=1\left(mol\right)\)
\(BTKL:\)
\(m_X+m_{HCl}=m_M+m_{H_2}\)
\(\Rightarrow m_M=13.4+1\cdot36.5-0.5\cdot2=48.94\left(g\right)\)
- Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}n_{Al}=a\left(mol\right)\\n_{Mg}=b\left(mol\right)\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow27a+24b=10,2\left(1\right)\)
Khí thu được sau p/ứ là khí H2: \(n_{H_2}=\dfrac{11,2}{22,4}=0,5\left(mol\right)\)
\(2Al+6HCl\rightarrow2AlCl_3+3H_2\uparrow\)
2 3 (mol)
a 3/2 a (mol)
\(Mg+2HCl\rightarrow MgCl_2+H_2\uparrow\)
1 1 (mol)
b b (mol)
Từ hai PTHH trên ta có: \(\dfrac{3}{2}a+b=0,5\left(2\right)\)
\(\left(1\right),\left(2\right)\) ta có hệ: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}27a+24b=10,2\\\dfrac{3}{2}a+b=0,5\end{matrix}\right.\)
Giải ra ta có \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=0,2\left(mol\right)\\b=0,2\left(mol\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)
a) \(\%Al=\dfrac{m_{Al}}{m_{hh}}.100\%=\dfrac{0,2.27}{10,2}.100\%\approx52,94\%\)
\(\%Mg=100\%-\%Al=100\%-52,94=47,06\%\)
b)
\(3H_2+Fe_2O_3\rightarrow^{t^0}2Fe+3H_2O\)
3 1 2 (mol)
0,5 1/6 1/3 (mol)
\(m_{Fe}=\dfrac{1}{3}.56=\dfrac{56}{3}\left(g\right)\)
\(m_{Fe_2O_3\left(pứ\right)}=\dfrac{1}{6}.160=\dfrac{80}{3}\left(g\right)\)
\(m_{Fe_2O_3\left(dư\right)}=60-m_{Fe}=60-\dfrac{56}{3}=\dfrac{124}{3}\left(g\right)\)
\(a=\dfrac{124}{3}+\dfrac{80}{3}=68\left(g\right)\)
nHCl (ban đầu) = 0,35 . 2 = 0,7 (mol)
nH2 = 6,72/22,4 = 0,3 (mol)
PTHH:
Mg + 2HCl -> MgCl2 + H2 (1)
2Al + 6HCl -> 2AlCl3 + 3H2 (2)
Fe + 2HCl -> FeCl2 + H2 (3)
Theo PTHH (1)(2)(3): nHCl (p/ư) = 2nH2 = 2 . 0,3 = 0,6 (mol)
So sánh: 0,6 < 0,7 => HCl dư
mHCl (p/ư) = 0,6 . 36,5 = 21,9 (g)
mH2 = 0,3 . 2 = 0,6 (g)
Áp dụng ĐLBTKL, ta có:
mkl + mHCl = m(muối) + mH2
=> m(muối) = 16 + 21,9 - 0,6 = 37,3 (g)
\(n_{Mg}=2x\left(mol\right),n_{Fe}=x\left(mol\right)\)
\(n_{HCl}=0.2\cdot0.45=0.9\left(mol\right)\)
\(Mg+2HCl\rightarrow MgCl_2+H_2\)
\(Fe+2HCl\rightarrow FeCl_2+H_2\)
\(n_{HCl}=2\cdot2x+2\cdot x=0.9\left(mol\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow x=0.15\)
\(m_{hh}=0.3\cdot24+0.15\cdot56=15.6\left(g\right)\)
\(V_{H_2}=0.45\cdot22.4=10.08\left(l\right)\)
PTHH: \(Mg+2HCl\rightarrow MgCl_2+H_2\uparrow\)
\(2Al+6HCl\rightarrow2AlCl_3+3H_2\uparrow\)
\(Fe+2HCl\rightarrow FeCl_2+H_2\uparrow\)
a) Ta có: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}n_{HCl}=\dfrac{12,7}{36,5}=\dfrac{127}{365}\left(mol\right)\\n_{H_2}=\dfrac{3,36}{22,4}=0,15\left(mol\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)
Ta thấy: \(2n_{H_2}< n_{HCl}\) \(\Rightarrow\) Axit còn dư
b) Theo PTHH: \(n_{HCl\left(p/ứ\right)}=2n_{H_2}=0,3\left(mol\right)\) \(\Rightarrow m_{HCl}=0,3\cdot36,5=10,95\left(g\right)\)
Mặt khác: \(m_{H_2}=0,15\cdot2=0,3\left(g\right)\)
Bảo toàn khối lượng: \(m_{muối}=m_{KL}+m_{HCl\left(p/ứ\right)}-m_{H_2}=18,65\left(g\right)\)
c) PTHH: \(Mg+H_2SO_4\rightarrow MgSO_4+H_2\uparrow\)
\(2Al+3H_2SO_4\rightarrow Al_2\left(SO_4\right)_3+3H_2\uparrow\)
\(Fe+H_2SO_4\rightarrow FeSO_4+H_2\uparrow\)
Khi 8 gam kim loại p/ứ với HCl dư tạo 0,15 mol H2
\(\Rightarrow\) 8 gam kim loại p/ứ với H2SO4 dư cũng tạo 0,15 mol H2
\(\Rightarrow n_{H_2}=n_{H_2SO_4\left(p/ứ\right)}=0,15\left(mol\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow m_{H_2SO_4\left(p/ứ\right)}=0,15\cdot98=14,7\left(g\right)\)
TN1: Gọi \(\left(n_{Mg};n_{Al};n_{Zn}\right)=\left(a;b;c\right)\)
=> 24a + 27b + 65c = 28,6 (1)
\(n_{O_2}=\dfrac{11,2}{22,4}=0,5\left(mol\right)\)
PTHH: 2Mg + O2 --to--> 2MgO
a--->0,5a
4Al + 3O2 --to--> 2Al2O3
b-->0,75b
2Zn + O2 --to--> 2ZnO
c--->0,5c
=> 0,5a + 0,75b + 0,5c = 0,5 (2)
TN2: Gọi \(\left(n_{Mg};n_{Al};n_{Zn}\right)=\left(ak;bk;ck\right)\)
=> ak + bk + ck = 0,8 (3)
PTHH: Mg + 2HCl --> MgCl2 + H2
ak----------------------->ak
2Al + 6HCl -->2AlCl3 + 3H2
bk------------------------>1,5bk
Zn + 2HCl --> ZnCl2 + H2
ck---------------------->ck
=> \(ak+1,5bk+ck=\dfrac{22,4}{22,4}=1\) (4)
(1)(2)(3)(4) => \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=0,2\\b=0,4\\c=0,2\\k=1\end{matrix}\right.\)
=> \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\%m_{Mg}=\dfrac{0,2.24}{28,6}.100\%=16,783\%\\\%m_{Al}=\dfrac{0,4.27}{28,6}.100\%=37,762\%\\\%m_{Zn}=\dfrac{0,2.65}{28,6}.100\%=45,455\end{matrix}\right.\)
