1. Cho 3 số thực dương x,y,z thõa mãn x+y+z=3
CMR: \(\frac{x}{y^3+xy}+\frac{y}{z^3+yz}+\frac{z}{x^3+zx}\ge2\)
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Đặt \(a=\sqrt{\frac{yz}{x}},b=\sqrt{\frac{zx}{y}},c=\sqrt{\frac{xy}{z}}\) \(\Rightarrow ab+bc+ac=1\)
Suy ra bài toán trở về dạng chứng minh \(\frac{1}{a^2+1}+\frac{1}{b^2+1}+\frac{1}{c^2+1}\le\frac{9}{4}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow1-\frac{a^2}{a^2+1}+1-\frac{b^2}{b^2+1}+1-\frac{c^2}{c^2+1}\le\frac{9}{4}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{a^2}{a^2+1}+\frac{b^2}{b^2+1}+\frac{c^2}{c^2+1}\ge\frac{3}{4}\)(*)
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức AM-GM ta có :
\(\frac{a^2}{a^2+1}+\frac{b^2}{b^2+1}+\frac{c^2}{c^2+1}\ge\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2+3}\)
Đặt t = a+b+c \(\Rightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2=t^2-2\)
Ta cần chứng minh \(\frac{t^2}{t^2+1}\ge\frac{3}{4}\Leftrightarrow4t^2\ge3t^2+3\Rightarrow t^2\ge3\)(Luôn đúng vì \(\left(a+b+c\right)^2\ge3\left(ab+bc+ac\right)=3\))
Vậy ta có đpcm
\(\frac{x^2}{y+1}+\frac{y+1}{4}\ge x;\frac{y^2}{z+1}+\frac{z+1}{4}\ge y;\frac{z^2}{x+1}+\frac{x+1}{4}\ge z\)
\(\Rightarrow VT\ge\frac{3}{4}\left(x+y+z\right)-\frac{3}{4}\ge\frac{3}{4}.2=\frac{3}{2}\)
Áp dụng bđt AM-GM ta có
\(P\ge3\sqrt[3]{\frac{xyz\left(xy+1\right)^2.\left(yz+1\right)^2.\left(zx+1\right)^2}{x^2y^2z^2\left(xy+1\right)\left(yz+1\right)\left(zx+1\right)}}=3\sqrt[3]{\frac{\left(xy+1\right)\left(yz+1\right)\left(zx+1\right)}{xyz}}=A\)
Ta có \(A=3\sqrt[3]{\left(\frac{xy+1}{x}\right)\left(\frac{yz+1}{y}\right)\left(\frac{zx+1}{z}\right)}=3\sqrt[3]{\left(y+\frac{1}{x}\right)\left(z+\frac{1}{y}\right)\left(x+\frac{1}{z}\right)}\)
Áp dụng bđt AM-GM ta có
\(A\ge3\sqrt[3]{8\sqrt{\frac{xyz}{xyz}}}=3.2=6\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge6\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi x=y=z=\(\frac{1}{2}\)
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\(3\sqrt[3]{\left(y+\frac{1}{x}\right)\left(z+\frac{1}{y}\right)\left(x+\frac{1}{z}\right)}\)
\(=3\sqrt[3]{\left(y+\frac{1}{4x}+\frac{1}{4x}+\frac{1}{4x}+\frac{1}{4x}\right)\left(z+\frac{1}{4y}+\frac{1}{4y}+\frac{1}{4y}+\frac{1}{4y}\right)\left(x+\frac{1}{4z}+\frac{1}{4z}+\frac{1}{4z}+\frac{1}{4z}\right)}\)
\(\ge3\sqrt[3]{5\sqrt[5]{\frac{y}{256x^4}}\cdot5\sqrt[5]{\frac{z}{256y^4}}\cdot5\sqrt[5]{\frac{x}{256z^4}}}\)
\(=3\sqrt[3]{125\sqrt[5]{\frac{xyz}{256^3\left(xyz\right)^4}}}\)
\(=15\sqrt[3]{\sqrt[5]{\frac{1}{256^3\left(xyz\right)^3}}}\)
\(\ge15\sqrt[15]{\frac{1}{256^3\cdot\left(\frac{x+y+z}{3}\right)^9}}\)
\(\ge15\sqrt[15]{\frac{1}{256^3\cdot\frac{1}{2^9}}}=\frac{15}{2}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra tại \(x=y=z=\frac{1}{2}\)
Bài này thì AM-GM thôi
\(P=\frac{z\left(xy+1\right)^2}{y^2\left(yz+1\right)}+\frac{x\left(yz+1\right)^2}{z^2\left(zx+1\right)}+\frac{y\left(zx+1\right)^2}{x^2\left(xy+1\right)}\)
Sử dụng BĐT AM-GM cho 3 số không âm ta có :
\(\frac{z\left(xy+1\right)^2}{y^2\left(yz+1\right)^2}+\frac{x\left(yz+1\right)^2}{z^2\left(zx+1\right)}+\frac{y\left(zx+1\right)}{x^2\left(xy+1\right)}\ge3\sqrt[3]{\frac{xyz\left(xy+1\right)^2\left(yz+1\right)^2\left(zx+1\right)^2}{x^2y^2z^2\left(xy+1\right)\left(yz+1\right)\left(zx+1\right)}}\)
\(=3\sqrt[3]{\frac{\left(xy+1\right)\left(yz+1\right)\left(zx+1\right)}{xyz}}=3\sqrt[3]{\left(\frac{xy+1}{x}\right)\left(\frac{yz+1}{y}\right)\left(\frac{zx+1}{z}\right)}\)
\(=3\sqrt[3]{\left(\frac{xy}{x}+\frac{1}{x}\right)\left(\frac{yz}{y}+\frac{1}{y}\right)\left(\frac{zx}{z}+\frac{1}{z}\right)}=3\sqrt[3]{\left(y+\frac{1}{x}\right)\left(z+\frac{1}{y}\right)\left(x+\frac{1}{z}\right)}\)
Tiếp tục sử dụng AM-GM cho 2 số không âm ta được :
\(3\sqrt[3]{\left(2\sqrt[2]{y\frac{1}{x}}\right)\left(2\sqrt[2]{z\frac{1}{y}}\right)\left(2\sqrt[2]{x\frac{1}{z}}\right)}\ge3\sqrt[3]{\left(2\sqrt{\frac{y}{x}}\right)\left(2\sqrt{\frac{z}{y}}\right)\left(2\sqrt{\frac{x}{z}}\right)}\)
\(=3\sqrt[3]{8\left(\sqrt{\frac{y}{x}}.\sqrt{\frac{z}{y}}.\sqrt{\frac{x}{z}}\right)}=3\sqrt[3]{8.\sqrt{\frac{xyz}{xyz}}}=3\sqrt[3]{8}=3.2=6\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi và chỉ khi \(x=y=z=\frac{1}{2}\)
Vậy \(Min_P=6\)đạt được khi \(x=y=z=\frac{1}{2}\)
Áp dụng bđt phụ \(\sqrt{ \left(a+b\right)\left(c+d\right)}\ge\sqrt{ac}+\sqrt{bd}\)có
\(VT=\frac{x}{x+\sqrt{\left(x+y\right)\left(z+x\right)}}+\frac{y}{y+\sqrt{\left(y+x\right)\left(z+y\right)}}+\frac{z}{z+\sqrt{\left(z+x\right)\left(y+z\right)}}\)
\(\le\frac{x}{x+\sqrt{xz}+\sqrt{xy}}+\frac{y}{y+\sqrt{yz}+\sqrt{yx}}+\frac{z}{z+\sqrt{zx}+\sqrt{zy}}\)
\(=\frac{x}{\sqrt{x}\left(\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y}+\sqrt{z}\right)}+\frac{y}{\sqrt{y}\left(\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y}+\sqrt{z}\right)}+\frac{z}{\sqrt{z}\left(\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y}+\sqrt{z}\right)}\)
\(=\frac{\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y}+\sqrt{z}}{\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y}+\sqrt{z}}=1\)
Áp dụng BĐT Cô - si cho 3 số không âm:
\(1+x^3+y^3\ge3\sqrt[3]{1.x^3y^3}=3xy\Rightarrow\frac{\sqrt{1+x^3+y^3}}{xy}\ge\frac{\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{xy}}\)
Tương tự ta có: \(\frac{\sqrt{1+y^3+z^3}}{yz}\ge\frac{\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{yz}}\);\(\frac{\sqrt{1+z^3+x^3}}{zx}\ge\frac{\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{zx}}\)
Cộng các vế của các BĐT trên, ta được:
\(\frac{\sqrt{1+x^3+y^3}}{xy}\)\(+\frac{\sqrt{1+y^3+z^3}}{yz}\)\(+\frac{\sqrt{1+z^3+x^3}}{zx}\ge\)\(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{xy}}\)\(+\frac{\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{yz}}\)\(+\frac{\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{zx}}\)
Tiếp tục áp dụng Cô - si:
\(BĐT\ge3\sqrt[3]{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{xy}}.\frac{\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{yz}}.\frac{\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{zx}}}=3\sqrt{3}\)
Vậy \(\frac{\sqrt{1+x^3+y^3}}{xy}\)\(+\frac{\sqrt{1+y^3+z^3}}{yz}\)\(+\frac{\sqrt{1+z^3+x^3}}{zx}\ge3\sqrt{3}\)
(Dấu "="\(\Leftrightarrow x=y=z=1\))
\(x^3+y^3+1=x^3+y^3+xyz\ge xy\left(x+y\right)+xyz=xy\left(x+y+z\right)\)
Tương tự:
\(y^3+z^3+1\ge yz\left(x+y+z\right);z^3+x^3+1\ge zx\left(x+y+z\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow VT\ge\frac{\sqrt{xy\left(x+y+z\right)}}{xy}+\frac{\sqrt{yz\left(x+y+z\right)}}{yz}+\frac{\sqrt{zx\left(x+y+z\right)}}{zx}\)
\(=\sqrt{x+y+z}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{xy}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{yz}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{zx}}\right)\)
\(\ge\sqrt{3\sqrt[3]{xyz}}\cdot3\sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{\sqrt{xy}\cdot\sqrt{yz}\cdot\sqrt{zx}}}=3\sqrt{3}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra tại \(x=y=z=1\)
Theo giả thiết ta có : \(x+yz=yz-z-1=\left(z-1\right)\left(y+1\right)=\left(x+y\right)\left(y+1\right)\)
Tương tự : \(y+zx=\left(x+y\right)\left(x+1\right)\)
Và \(z+xy=\left(x+1\right)\left(y+1\right)\)
Nên \(P=\frac{x}{\left(x+y\right)\left(y+1\right)}+\frac{y}{\left(x+y\right)\left(x+1\right)}+\frac{z^2+2}{\left(x+1\right)\left(y+1\right)}\)
\(=\frac{x^2+y^2+x+y}{\left(x+y\right)\left(x+1\right)\left(y+1\right)}+\frac{z^2+2}{\left(x+1\right)\left(y+1\right)}\)
Ta có \(x^2+y^2\ge\frac{\left(x+y\right)^2}{2};\left(x+1\right)\left(y+1\right)\le\frac{\left(x+y+2\right)^2}{4}\)
nên \(P\ge\frac{2\left(x+y\right)^2+4\left(x+y\right)}{\left(x+y+2\right)^2\left(x+y\right)}+\frac{4\left(z^2+2\right)}{\left(x+y+2\right)^2}=\frac{2\left(x+y\right)+4}{\left(x+y+2\right)^2}+\frac{4\left(z^2+2\right)}{\left(x+y+2\right)^2}\)
\(=\frac{2}{z+1}+\frac{4\left(z^2+2\right)}{\left(z+1\right)^2}=f\left(z\right);z>1\)
Lập bảng biến thiên ta được \(f\left(z\right)\ge\frac{13}{4}\) hay min \(P=\frac{13}{4}\) khi \(\begin{cases}z=3\\x=y=1\end{cases}\)