Rút gọn biểu thức:
\(B=\sum_{k=1}^n\left(k.k!\right)\)
\(C=\sum_{k=2}^n\left(\frac{k-1}{k!}\right)\)
Chứng minh:
\(n!\ge2^{n-1}\left(\forall n\in N^{\cdot}\right)\)
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\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{u_{n+1}}{n+1}=\dfrac{1}{3}.\dfrac{u_n}{n}\)
Đặt \(\dfrac{u_n}{n}=v_n\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}v_1=\dfrac{1}{3}\\v_{n+1}=\dfrac{1}{3}v_n\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow v_n\) là CSN với công bội \(\dfrac{1}{3}\)
\(\Rightarrow v_n=\dfrac{1}{3}.\left(\dfrac{1}{3}\right)^{n-1}=\left(\dfrac{1}{3}\right)^n\)
\(S=\sum\limits^{10}_{k=1}\left(\dfrac{1}{3}\right)^k=\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{3}\left(1-\dfrac{1}{3^{10}}\right)}{1-\dfrac{1}{3}}=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(1-\dfrac{1}{3^{10}}\right)\)
Lời giải:
Ta thực hiện chứng minh đẳng thức trên đúng bằng quy nạp
Với $n=2$: \((a+b)^=a^2+2ab+b^2=C^0_2a^2b^0+C^1_2ab+C^2_2a^0b^2\) (đúng)
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Giả sử đẳng thức đúng đến $n=t$ $(t\in\mathbb{Z}>2$), tức là \((a+b)^t=\sum ^t_{k=0}C^k_ta^{t-k}b^k\)
Ta cần chứng minh nó cũng đúng với $n=t+1$. Thật vậy:
\((a+b)^{t+1}=(a+b)^t(a+b)=(a+b)\sum ^{t}_{k=0}a^{t-k}b^k\)
\(=C^0_ta^{t+1}+(C^1_t+C^0_t)a^tb+(C^2_t+C^1_t)a^{t-1}b^2+....+(C^t_t+C^{t-1}_t)ab^t+C^t_tb^{t+1}\)
\(=C^0_{t+1}a^{t+1}+C^1_{t+1}a^tb+C^2_{t+1}a^{t-1}b^2+....+C^t_{t+1}ab^t+C^{t+1}_{t+1}b^{t+1}\) (sử dụng đẳng thức \(C^k_n+C^{k+1}_n=C^{k+1}_{n+1}\) và \(C^0_t=C^0_{t+1}=1; C^t_t=C^{t+1}_{t+1}=1\))
\(=\sum ^{t+1}_{k=0}C^{k}_{t+1}a^{t+1-k}b^k\)
Phép chứng minh hoàn tất. Ta có đpcm.
\(\dfrac{1}{n}-\dfrac{1}{n+k}=\dfrac{n+k}{n\left(n+k\right)}-\dfrac{n}{n\left(n+k\right)}=\dfrac{n+k-n}{n\left(n+k\right)}=\dfrac{k}{n\left(n+k\right)}\)
\(\dfrac{k}{n\cdot\left(n+k\right)}=\dfrac{n+k-n}{n\left(n+k\right)}=\dfrac{1}{n}-\dfrac{1}{n+k}\)(đpcm)
Ta có:
\(k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)-\left(k-1\right)k\left(k+1\right)\\ =k\left(k+1\right)\left[\left(k-2\right)-\left(k-1\right)\right]\\ =k\left(k+1\right)\left[k-2-k+1\right]\\ =k\left(k+1\right)\left\{\left[k+\left(-k\right)\right]+\left(2+1\right)\right\}\\ =k\left(k+1\right).3\\ =3.k\left(k+1\right)\)
Vậy \(k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)-\left(k-1\right)k\left(k+1\right)\\ =3.k.\left(k+1\right)\)
Ta có:
\(VT=k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)-\left(k-1\right)k\left(k+1\right)\)
\(=k\left(k+1\right)\left[\left(k+2\right)-\left(k-1\right)\right]\)
\(=k\left(k+1\right)\left[k+2-k+1\right]\)
\(=k\left(k+1\right)\left[\left(k-k\right)+\left(2+1\right)\right]\)
\(=k\left(k+1\right).3\)
\(=3k\left(k+1\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow VT=VP\)
Vậy với \(k\in N\)* thì ta luôn có:
\(k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)-\left(k-1\right)k\left(k+1\right)=3k\left(k+1\right)\) (Đpcm)
\(k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)-\left(k-1\right)k\left(k+1\right)=k\left(k+1\right)\left[\left(k+2\right)-\left(k-1\right)\right]=3k\left(k+1\right)\)
Công thức tinh tổng là : \(S=\frac{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}{3}\)
\(k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)-\left(k-1\right)k\left(k+1\right)=k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2-k+1\right)=3k\left(k+1\right)\left(ĐPCM\right)\)
\(S=1.2+2.3+3.4+...+n\left(n+1\right)\)
3\(S=3\left[1.2+2.3+3.4+...+n\left(n+1\right)\right]\)
\(3S=1.2.3-0.1.2+2.3.4-1.2.3+...+n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)-\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)\)
3S=n(n+1)(n+2)
\(S=\frac{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}{3}\)
\(B=1!+2.2!+3.3!+...+k.k!\)
\(=1!+\left(3-1\right)2!+\left(4-1\right)3!+...+\left(k+1-1\right)k!\)
\(=1!+3!-2!+4!-3!+...+\left(k+1\right)!-k!\)
\(=\left(k+1\right)!-1\)
\(C=\frac{2-1}{2!}+\frac{3-1}{3!}+\frac{4-1}{4!}+...+\frac{n-1}{n!}\)
\(=\frac{2}{2!}-\frac{1}{2!}+\frac{3}{3!}-\frac{1}{3!}+\frac{4}{4!}-\frac{1}{4!}+...+\frac{n}{n!}-\frac{1}{n!}\)
\(=1-\frac{1}{2!}+\frac{1}{2!}-\frac{1}{3!}+\frac{1}{3!}-\frac{1}{4!}+...+\frac{1}{\left(n-1\right)!}-\frac{1}{n!}\)
\(=1-\frac{1}{n!}\)
2.
Với \(n=0\Rightarrow1\ge\frac{1}{2}\) đúng
Với \(n=1\Rightarrow1\ge1\) đúng
Giả sử BĐT đúng với \(n=k\ge2\) hay \(k!\ge2^{k-1}\)
Ta cần chứng minh nó cũng đúng với \(n=k+1\) hay \(\left(k+1\right)!\ge2^k\)
Thật vậy, ta có:
\(\left(k+1\right)!=k!\left(k+1\right)\ge2^{k-1}.\left(k+1\right)>2^{k-1}.2=2^k\) (đpcm)