Cho 3 số dương a,b,c thỏa mãn \(a+b+c\ge1\). Tìm GTNN của biểu thức:
\(P=\frac{a+b}{\sqrt{c}}+\frac{b+c}{\sqrt{a}}+\frac{c+a}{\sqrt{b}}\)
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Bài toán số 41 có 2 cách làm, tôi làm cách thứ 2
Đặt \(Q=\sqrt{\frac{x}{y+z}}+\sqrt{\frac{y}{x+z}}+\sqrt{\frac{z}{x+y}}\)\(\Rightarrow Q^2=\frac{x}{y+z}+\frac{y}{x+z}+\frac{z}{x+y}+2\left(\sqrt{\frac{xy}{\left(y+z\right)\left(x+z\right)}}+\sqrt{\frac{yz}{\left(x+z\right)\left(y+z\right)}}+\sqrt{\frac{xz}{\left(x+y\right)\left(y+z\right)}}\right)\)ta thấy rằng \(\frac{x}{y+z}+\frac{y}{x+z}+\frac{z}{x+y}=\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{x}{y+z}+\frac{y}{x+z}+\frac{z}{x+y}\right)\left(xy+yz+zx\right)\)
\(=\frac{x^2+y^2+z^2}{4}+\frac{xyz}{4}\left(\frac{1}{x+y}+\frac{1}{y+z}+\frac{1}{z+x}\right)\ge\frac{x^2+y^2+z^2}{4}\)
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức AM-GM ta có \(\sqrt{\frac{yx}{\left(z+x\right)\left(x+y\right)}}\ge\frac{2yx}{2\sqrt{\left(xy+yz\right)\left(yz+yx\right)}}\ge\frac{2xy}{2xy+yz+xz}\ge\frac{2xy}{2\left(xy+yz+zx\right)}=\frac{xy}{xy+yz+zx}\)
Tương tự ta có \(\hept{\begin{cases}\sqrt{\frac{yz}{\left(z+x\right)\left(z+y\right)}}\ge\frac{yz}{xy+yz+zx}\\\sqrt{\frac{xz}{\left(x+y\right)\left(y+z\right)}}\ge\frac{xz}{xy+yz+zx}\end{cases}}\)
\(\Rightarrow\sqrt{\frac{xy}{\left(y+z\right)\left(z+x\right)}}+\sqrt{\frac{yz}{\left(z+x\right)\left(x+y\right)}}+\sqrt{\frac{zx}{\left(x+y\right)\left(y+z\right)}}\ge1\)nên \(Q\ge\sqrt{\frac{x^2+y^2+z^2}{4}+2}\)
\(\Rightarrow Q\ge\sqrt{\frac{x^2+y^2+z^2}{2}+4}+\frac{4}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}}\)
Đặt \(t=\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}\Rightarrow t\ge\sqrt{xy+yz+zx}=2\)
Xét hàm số g(t)=\(\sqrt{\frac{t^2}{2}+4}+\frac{4}{t}\left(t\ge2\right)\)khi đó ta có
\(g'\left(t\right)=\frac{t}{2\sqrt{\frac{t^2}{2}+4}}-\frac{4}{t^2};g'\left(t\right)=0\Leftrightarrow t^6-32t^2-256=0\Leftrightarrow t=2\sqrt{2}\)
Lập bảng biến thiên ta có min[2;\(+\infty\)) \(g\left(t\right)=g\left(2\sqrt{2}\right)=3\sqrt{2}\)
Hay minS=\(3\sqrt{2}\)<=> a=c=1; b=2
Đặt a=xc; b=cy (x;y >=1)
\(\sqrt{x-1}+\sqrt{y-1}=\sqrt{xy}\Leftrightarrow x+y-2+2\sqrt{\left(x-1\right)\left(y-1\right)}=xy\)
\(\Leftrightarrow xy-x-y+1-2\sqrt{\left(x-1\right)\left(y-1\right)}+1=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\sqrt{\left(x-1\right)\left(y-1\right)}-1\right)^2=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{\left(x-1\right)\left(y-1\right)}=1\Leftrightarrow xy=x+y\ge2\sqrt{xy}\Rightarrow xy\ge4\)
Biểu thức P được viết lại như sau
\(P=\frac{x}{y+1}+\frac{y}{x+1}+\frac{1}{x+y}+\frac{1}{x^2+y^2}=\frac{x^2}{xy+x}+\frac{y^2}{xy+y}+\frac{1}{x^2+y^2}+\frac{1}{\left(x+y\right)^2-2xy}\)
\(P\ge\frac{\left(x+y\right)^2}{2xy+x+y}+\frac{1}{x+y}+\frac{1}{\left(x+y\right)^2-2xy}=\frac{xy}{3}+\frac{1}{xy}+\frac{1}{x^2y^2-2xy}=\frac{x^3y^3-2x^2y^2+3xy-3}{3\left(x^2y^2-2xy\right)}\)
Đặt t=xy với t>=4
Xét hàm số \(f\left(t\right)=\frac{t^3-2t^2+3t-3}{t^2-2t}\left(t\ge4\right)\)
Ta có \(f'\left(t\right)=\frac{t^4-4t^3+t^2+6t-6}{\left(t^2-2t\right)^2}=\frac{t^3\left(t-4\right)+6\left(t-4\right)+18}{\left(t^2-2t\right)^2}>0\forall t\ge4\)
Lập bảng biến thiên ta có \(minf\left(t\right)=f\left(4\right)=\frac{41}{8}\)
Vậy \(minP=\frac{41}{24}\)khi x=y=z=2 hay a=b=2c
đổi ẩn
\(\left(a;b;c\right)=\left(\frac{1}{x};\frac{1}{y};z\right)\)\(\Rightarrow\)\(x+y+z=3\)
\(P=\Sigma\frac{1}{\sqrt{xy+x+y}}\ge\Sigma\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{xy+x+y+3}\ge\frac{18\sqrt{3}}{\frac{\left(x+y+z\right)^2}{3}+2\left(x+y+z\right)+9}=\sqrt{3}\)
dấuu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)
Đặt \(\left(\sqrt{a};\sqrt{b};\sqrt{c}\right)\rightarrow\left(x;y;z\right)\)\(\Rightarrow\)\(x^2+y^2+z^2=4\)
\(P=\frac{x^3}{x+3y}+\frac{y^3}{y+3z}+\frac{z^3}{z+3x}=\frac{x^4}{x^2+3xy}+\frac{y^4}{y^2+3yz}+\frac{z^4}{z^2+3zx}\)
\(\ge\frac{\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)^2}{x^2+y^2+z^2+3\left(xy+yz+zx\right)}\ge\frac{\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)^2}{x^2+y^2+z^2+3\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)}=\frac{4^2}{4+3.4}=1\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow\)\(a=b=c=\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}\)
\(\sqrt{a^2+\dfrac{1}{b+c}}=\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{17}}\sqrt{\left(4+\dfrac{1}{4}\right)\left(a^2+\dfrac{1}{b+c}\right)}\ge\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{17}}\left(2a+\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{b+c}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A\ge\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{17}}\left(4a+4b+4c+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{a+b}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{b+c}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{c+a}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A\ge\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{17}}\left(4a+4b+4c+\dfrac{9}{\sqrt{a+b}+\sqrt{b+c}+\sqrt{c+a}}\right)\)
Mặt khác:
\(\sqrt{a+b}+\sqrt{b+c}+\sqrt{c+a}\le\sqrt{3\left(a+b+b+c+c+a\right)}=\sqrt{6\left(a+b+c\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow A\ge\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{17}}\left(4a+4b+4c+\dfrac{9}{\sqrt{6\left(a+b+c\right)}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A\ge\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{17}}\left(\dfrac{31}{8}\left(a+b+c\right)+\dfrac{a+b+c}{8}+\dfrac{9}{2\sqrt{6\left(a+b+c\right)}}+\dfrac{9}{2\sqrt{6\left(a+b+c\right)}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A\ge\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{17}}\left(\dfrac{31}{8}.6+3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{81\left(a+b+c\right)}{32.6.\left(a+b+c\right)}}\right)=\dfrac{3\sqrt{17}}{2}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=2\)
\(\left(4+\dfrac{1}{4}\right)\left(a^2+\dfrac{1}{b+c}\right)\ge\left(2a+\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{b+c}}\right)^2\)
\(\Rightarrow\sqrt{a^2+\dfrac{1}{b+c}}\ge\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{17}}\left(2a+\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{b+c}}\right)=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{17}}\left(4a+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{b+c}}\right)\)
Tương tự:
\(\sqrt{b^2+\dfrac{1}{a+c}}\ge\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{17}}\left(4b+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{a+c}}\right)\) ; \(\sqrt{c^2+\dfrac{1}{a+b}}\ge\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{17}}\left(4c+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{a+b}}\right)\)
Cộng vế:
\(VT\ge\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{17}}\left(4a+4b+4c+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{a+b}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{b+c}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{c+a}}\right)\)
\(VT\ge\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{17}}\left(4a+4b+4c+\dfrac{9}{\sqrt{a+b}+\sqrt{b+c}+\sqrt{c+a}}\right)\)
Cũng theo Bunhiacopxki:
\(1.\sqrt{a+b}+1.\sqrt{b+c}+1\sqrt{c+a}\le\sqrt{\left(1+1+1\right)\left(a+b+b+c+c+a\right)}=\sqrt{6\left(a+b+c\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow VT\ge\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{17}}\left(4a+4b+4c+\dfrac{9}{\sqrt{6\left(a+b+c\right)}}\right)\)
\(VT\ge\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{17}}\left(\dfrac{31}{8}\left(a+b+c\right)+\dfrac{a+b+c}{8}+\dfrac{9}{2\sqrt{6\left(a+b+c\right)}}+\dfrac{9}{2\sqrt{6\left(a+b+c\right)}}\right)\)
\(VT\ge\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{17}}\left(\dfrac{31}{8}.6+3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{81\left(a+b+c\right)}{32.6\left(a+b+c\right)}}\right)=\dfrac{3\sqrt{17}}{2}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=2\)
Ta đặt:
\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=a-1\\y=b-2\\z=c-3\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow x+y+z=3\) và \(x,y,z\ge0\) (*)
Biểu thứ P trở thành:
\(P=\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y}+\sqrt{z}\)
Từ (*) dễ thấy:
\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}0\le x\le3\\0\le y\le3\\0\le z\le3\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}0\le x\le\sqrt{3x}\\0\le y\le\sqrt{3y}\\0\le z\le\sqrt{3z}\end{matrix}\right.\)
Do đó:
\(P\ge\dfrac{x+y+z}{\sqrt{3}}=\sqrt{3}\)
Dầu "=" xảy ra khi \(\left(a;b;c\right)=\left(3;0;0\right)=\left(0;3;0\right)=\left(0;0;3\right)\)
Đặt \(\left(a;b;c\right)=\left(x^2;y^2;z^2\right)\Rightarrow x^2+y^2+z^2\ge1\)
\(P=\frac{x^2}{y}+\frac{y^2}{z}+\frac{z^2}{x}+\frac{x^2}{z}+\frac{y^2}{x}+\frac{z^2}{y}=A+B\)
\(A=\frac{x^2}{y}+\frac{y^2}{z}+\frac{z^2}{x}\Rightarrow A^2=\frac{x^4}{y^2}+\frac{y^4}{z^2}+\frac{z^4}{x^2}+2\left(\frac{x^2y}{z}+\frac{y^2z}{x}+\frac{xz^2}{y}\right)\)
Mà: \(\frac{x^4}{y^2}+\frac{x^2y}{z}+\frac{x^2y}{z}+z^2\ge4x^2\)
Tương tự và cộng lại ta có:
\(A^2+\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)\ge4\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)\Rightarrow A^2\ge3\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)=3\)
Xét \(B=\frac{x^2}{z}+\frac{y^2}{x}+\frac{z^2}{y}\Rightarrow B^2=\frac{x^4}{z^2}+\frac{y^4}{x^2}+\frac{z^4}{y^2}+2\left(\frac{xy^2}{z}+\frac{yz^2}{x}+\frac{zx^2}{y}\right)\)
Có: \(\frac{x^4}{z^2}+\frac{zx^2}{y}+\frac{zx^2}{y}+y^2\ge4x^2\)
\(\Rightarrow B^2\ge3\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)=3\) \(\Rightarrow B\ge\sqrt{3}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge2\sqrt{3}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=\frac{1}{3}\)