Cho x > 1, y > 1, z > 1 thỏa x + y + z =x.y.z. Chứng minh rằng
\(\frac{x-2}{z^2}+\frac{y-2}{x^2}+\frac{z-2}{y^2}\ge\sqrt{3}-2\)
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Đặt \(P=\frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}+\frac{y}{\sqrt{1+y^2}}+\frac{z}{\sqrt{1+z^2}}+\frac{1}{x^2}+\frac{1}{y^2}+\frac{1}{z^2}\)
Do x,y,z là các số thực dương nên ta biến đổi \(P=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\frac{1}{x^2}}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\frac{1}{y^2}}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\frac{1}{z^2}}}+\frac{1}{x^2}+\frac{1}{y^2}+\frac{1}{z^2}\)
Đặt \(a=\frac{1}{x^2};b=\frac{1}{y^2};c=\frac{1}{z^2}\left(a,b,c>0\right)\)thì \(xy+yz+zx=\frac{1}{\sqrt{ab}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{bc}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{ca}}=1\)và \(P=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+a}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+b}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+c}}+a+b+c\)
Biến đổi biểu thức P=\(\left(\frac{1}{2\sqrt{a+1}}+\frac{1}{2\sqrt{a+1}}+\frac{a+1}{16}\right)+\left(\frac{1}{2\sqrt{b+1}}+\frac{1}{2\sqrt{b+1}}+\frac{b+1}{16}\right)\)\(+\left(\frac{1}{2\sqrt{c+1}}+\frac{1}{2\sqrt{c+1}}+\frac{c+1}{16}\right)+\frac{15a}{16}+\frac{15b}{16}+\frac{15c}{b}-\frac{3}{16}\)
Áp dụng Bất Đẳng Thức Cauchy ta có
\(P\ge3\sqrt[3]{\frac{a+1}{64\left(a+1\right)}}+3\sqrt[3]{\frac{b+1}{64\left(b+1\right)}}+3\sqrt[3]{\frac{c+1}{64\left(c+1\right)}}+\frac{15a}{16}+\frac{15b}{16}+\frac{15c}{16}-\frac{3}{16}\)
\(=\frac{33}{16}+\frac{15}{16}\left(a+b+c\right)\ge\frac{33}{16}+\frac{15}{16}\cdot3\sqrt[3]{abc}\)
Mặt khác ta có \(1=\frac{1}{\sqrt{ab}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{bc}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{ca}}\ge3\sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{abc}}\Leftrightarrow abc\ge27\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\frac{33}{16}+\frac{15}{16}\cdot3\sqrt[3]{27}=\frac{33}{16}+\frac{15}{16}\cdot9=\frac{21}{2}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi a=b=c hay \(x=y=z=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}\)
Ta có \(1+x^2=x^2+xy+yz+xz=\left(x+z\right)\left(x+y\right)\)
Khi đó BĐT <=>
\(\frac{1}{\left(x+y\right)\left(x+z\right)}+\frac{1}{\left(y+z\right)\left(x+z\right)}+\frac{1}{\left(x+y\right)\left(y+z\right)}\ge\frac{2}{3}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(x+z\right)\left(x+y\right)}}+...\right)\)
<=> \(\frac{x+y+z}{\left(x+y\right)\left(y+z\right)\left(x+z\right)}\ge\frac{1}{3}\left(\frac{x\sqrt{y+z}+y\sqrt{x+z}+z\sqrt{x+y}}{\sqrt{\left(x+y\right)\left(y+z\right)\left(x+z\right)}}\right)^3\)
<=>\(\left(x+y+z\right)\sqrt{\left(x+y\right)\left(x+z\right)\left(y+z\right)}\ge\frac{1}{3}\left(x\sqrt{y+z}+y\sqrt{x+z}+z\sqrt{x+y}\right)^3\)
<=> \(\left(x+y+z\right)\sqrt{\left(x+y\right)\left(y+z\right)\left(x+z\right)}\ge\frac{1}{3}\left(\sqrt{x\left(1-yz\right)}+\sqrt{y\left(1-xz\right)}+\sqrt{z\left(1-xy\right)}\right)^3\)(1)
Xét \(\left(x+y\right)\left(y+z\right)\left(x+z\right)\ge\frac{8}{9}\left(x+y+z\right)\left(xy+yz+xz\right)\)
<=> \(9\left[xy\left(x+y\right)+yz\left(y+z\right)+xz\left(x+z\right)+2xyz\right]\ge8\left(xy\left(x+y\right)+xz\left(x+z\right)+yz\left(y+z\right)+3xyz\right)\)
<=> \(xy\left(y+x\right)+yz\left(y+z\right)+xz\left(x+z\right)\ge6xyz\)
<=> \(x\left(y-z\right)^2+z\left(x-y\right)^2+y\left(x-z\right)^2\ge0\)luôn đúng
Khi đó (1) <=>
\(\left(x+y+z\right).\frac{2\sqrt{2}}{3}.\sqrt{x+y+z}\ge\frac{1}{3}\left(\sqrt{x\left(1-yz\right)}+....\right)^3\)
<=> \(\sqrt{2\left(x+y+z\right)}\ge\sqrt{x\left(1-yz\right)}+\sqrt{y\left(1-xz\right)}+\sqrt{z\left(1-xy\right)}\)
Áp dụng buniacopxki cho vế phải ta có
\(\sqrt{x\left(1-yz\right)}+\sqrt{y\left(1-xz\right)}+\sqrt{z\left(1-xy\right)}\le\sqrt{\left(x+y+z\right)\left(3-xy-yz-xz\right)}\)
\(=\sqrt{2\left(x+y+z\right)}\)
=> BĐT được CM
Dấu bằng xảy ra khi \(x=y=z=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)
Lời giải bài này khá dài, làm biếng gõ
Bạn lên google search "đề thi vào 10 chuyên khtn" nhé, đây là bài BĐT trong đề vòng 1 chuyên KHTN năm 2019
Ta có:
\( 1 + {x^2} = \left( {x + y} \right)\left( {x + z} \right)\\ 1 + {y^2} = \left( {x + y} \right)\left( {y + z} \right)\\ 1 + {z^2} = \left( {x + z} \right)\left( {y + z} \right) \)
Nên: \(\dfrac{1}{{1 + {x^2}}} + \dfrac{1}{{1 + {y^2}}} + \dfrac{1}{{1 + {z^2}}} = \dfrac{1}{{\left( {x + y} \right)\left( {x + z} \right)}} + \dfrac{1}{{\left( {x + y} \right)\left( {y + z} \right)}} + \dfrac{1}{{\left( {x + z} \right)\left( {y + z} \right)}} = \dfrac{{2\left( {x + y + z} \right)}}{{\left( {x + y} \right)\left( {y + z} \right)\left( {x + z} \right)}}\)
\( \dfrac{x}{{\sqrt {1 + {x^2}} }} + \dfrac{y}{{\sqrt {1 + {y^2}} }} + \dfrac{z}{{\sqrt {1 + {z^2}} }} = \dfrac{x}{{\sqrt {\left( {x + y} \right)\left( {x + z} \right)} }} + \dfrac{y}{{\sqrt {\left( {x + y} \right)\left( {y + z} \right)} }} + \dfrac{z}{{\left( {x + z} \right)\left( {y + z} \right)}}\\ \dfrac{x}{{\sqrt {1 + {x^2}} }} + \dfrac{y}{{\sqrt {1 + {y^2}} }} + \dfrac{z}{{\sqrt {1 + {z^2}} }} \le \dfrac{1}{2}\left( {\dfrac{x}{{x + y}} + \dfrac{x}{{x + z}} + \dfrac{y}{{x + y}} + \dfrac{y}{{y + z}} + \dfrac{z}{{x + z}} + \dfrac{z}{{y + z}}} \right) \)
Mặt khác, áp dụng $Bunhia$ ta có:
\({\left( {\dfrac{x}{{\sqrt {1 + {x^2}} }} + \dfrac{y}{{\sqrt {1 + {y^2}} }} + \dfrac{z}{{\sqrt {1 + {z^2}} }}} \right)^2} \le \left( {x + y + z} \right)\left( {\dfrac{x}{{1 + {x^2}}} + \dfrac{y}{{1 + {y^2}}} + \dfrac{z}{{1 + {z^2}}}} \right) = M\)
Với \(M = \dfrac{{2\left( {x + y + z} \right)\left( {xy + yz + xz} \right)}}{{\left( {x + y} \right)\left( {x + z} \right)\left( {y + z} \right)}} = \dfrac{{2\left( {x + y + z} \right)}}{{\left( {x + y} \right)\left( {x + z} \right)\left( {y + z} \right)}}\)
Lại có:
\( VP = \dfrac{2}{3}{\left( {\dfrac{x}{{1 + {x^2}}} + \dfrac{y}{{1 + {y^2}}} + \dfrac{z}{{1 + {z^2}}}} \right)^3} = \dfrac{2}{3}{\left( {\dfrac{1}{{1 + {x^2}}} + \dfrac{1}{{1 + {y^2}}} + \dfrac{1}{{1 + {z^2}}}} \right)^2}\\ VP \le \dfrac{{4\left( {x + y + z} \right)}}{{3\left( {x + y} \right)\left( {x + z} \right)\left( {y + z} \right)}}.\dfrac{3}{2} = \dfrac{{2\left( {x + y + z} \right)}}{{\left( {x + y} \right)\left( {x + z} \right)\left( {y + z} \right)}} = \dfrac{1}{{1 + {x^2}}} + \dfrac{1}{{1 + {y^2}}} + \dfrac{1}{{1 + {z^2}}} \)
Vậy \(\dfrac{1}{{1 + {x^2}}} + \dfrac{1}{{1 + {y^2}}} + \dfrac{1}{{1 + {z^2}}} \ge \dfrac{3}{2}{\left( {\dfrac{x}{{\sqrt {1 + {x^2}} }} + \dfrac{y}{{\sqrt {1 + {y^2}} }} + \dfrac{z}{{\sqrt {1 + {z^2}} }}} \right)^2}\)
Dấu \("= "\) xảy ra khi \(x=y=z=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)
\(\left(1.x+9.\frac{1}{y}\right)^2\le\left(1^2+9^2\right)\left(x^2+\frac{1}{y^2}\right)\Rightarrow\sqrt{x^2+\frac{1}{y^2}}\ge\frac{1}{\sqrt{82}}\left(x+\frac{9}{y}\right)\)
\(TT:\sqrt{y^2+\frac{1}{z^2}}\ge\frac{1}{\sqrt{82}}\left(y+\frac{9}{z}\right);\sqrt{z^2+\frac{1}{x^2}}\ge\frac{1}{\sqrt{82}}\left(z+\frac{9}{x}\right)\)
\(S\ge\frac{1}{\sqrt{82}}\left(x+y+z+\frac{9}{x}+\frac{9}{y}+\frac{9}{z}\right)\ge\frac{1}{\sqrt{82}}\left(x+y+z+\frac{81}{x+y+z}\right)\)
\(=\frac{1}{\sqrt{82}}\left[\left(x+y+z+\frac{1}{x+y+z}\right)+\frac{80}{x+y+z}\right]\ge\sqrt{82}\)
Dễ dàng chứng minh được:
\(\frac{a^2}{x}+\frac{b^2}{y}+\frac{c^2}{z}\ge\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{x+y+z}\) với \(a,b,c>0\)(1)
Dấu bằng xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow\frac{a}{x}=\frac{b}{y}=\frac{c}{z}\)
Theo đề bài, vì x, y, z > 0 nên áp dụng (1), ta có:
\(\frac{x^2}{x+\sqrt{yz}}+\frac{y^2}{y+\sqrt{zx}}+\frac{z^2}{z+\sqrt{xy}}\ge\)\(\frac{\left(x+y+z\right)^2}{x+y+z+\sqrt{xy}+\sqrt{yz}+\sqrt{zx}}\)(2)
Vì x y, z > 0 nên áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cô-si cho 2 số dương, ta được:
\(x+y\ge2\sqrt{xy}\)(3)
Chứng mih tương tự, ta được;
\(y+z\ge2\sqrt{yz}\)(4);
\(z+x\ge2\sqrt{zx}\)(5)
Từ (3), (4), (5), ta được:
\(2\left(x+y+z\right)\ge2\left(\sqrt{xy}+\sqrt{yz}+\sqrt{zx}\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x+y+z\ge\sqrt{xy}+\sqrt{yz}+\sqrt{zx}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(x+y+z\right)\ge x+y+z+\sqrt{xy}+\sqrt{yz}+\sqrt{zx}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{x+y+z+\sqrt{xy}+\sqrt{yz}+\sqrt{zx}}\ge\)\(\frac{1}{2\left(x+y+z\right)}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{\left(x+y+z\right)^2}{x+y+z+\sqrt{xy}+\sqrt{yz}+\sqrt{zx}}\ge\frac{x+y+z}{2}\)
Mà theo đề bài, \(x+y+z\ge3\) nên:
\(\frac{x+y+z}{2}\ge\frac{3}{2}\)
Suy ra \(\frac{\left(x+y+z\right)^2}{x+y+z+\sqrt{xy}+\sqrt{yz}+\sqrt{zx}}\ge\frac{3}{2}\left(6\right)\)
Từ (2) và (6), ta được:
\(\frac{x^2}{x+\sqrt{yz}}+\frac{y^2}{y+\sqrt{zx}}+\frac{z^2}{z+\sqrt{xy}}\ge\frac{3}{2}\)(điều phải chứng minh)
Dấu bằng xảy ra
\(\Leftrightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}x=y=z\\x+y+z=3\end{cases}\Leftrightarrow x=y=z=1}\)
Vậy nếu x, y, z > 0 và \(x+y+z\ge3\)thì \(\frac{x^2}{x+\sqrt{yz}}+\frac{y^2}{y+\sqrt{zx}}+\frac{z^2}{z+\sqrt{xy}}\ge\frac{3}{2}\)
Pt tương đương:
\(2\sqrt{3\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)}\ge\sqrt{xy}+\sqrt{yz}+\sqrt{xz}+3\)
Có: \(\sqrt{3\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)}\ge\sqrt{3\cdot3\left(xyz\right)^2}=3\)
Đồng thời:
\(\sqrt{xy}+\sqrt{yz}+\sqrt{xz}\le\frac{x+y}{2}+\frac{y+z}{2}+\frac{x+z}{2}=x+y+z\le\sqrt{\left(x+y+z\right)^2}\le\sqrt{3\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)}\)
Rồi cộng lại
Ta có \(VT=\frac{x}{1-x^2}+\frac{y}{1-y^2}+\frac{z}{1-z^2}\)
Lại có \(x^2\left(1-x^2\right)^2=\frac{2x^2\left(1-x^2\right)\left(1-x^2\right)}{2}\le\frac{\left(2x^2+1-x^2+1-x^2\right)^3}{54}=\frac{4}{27}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\) \(x\left(1-x^2\right)\le\frac{2}{3\sqrt{3}}\) \(\Leftrightarrow\) \(\frac{1}{x\left(1-x^2\right)}\ge\frac{3\sqrt{3}}{2}\) \(\Leftrightarrow\) \(\frac{x}{\left(1-x^2\right)}\ge\frac{3\sqrt{3}}{2}x^2\) (1)
Tương tự cho \(\frac{y}{\left(1-y^2\right)}\ge\frac{3\sqrt{3}}{2}y^2\) (2) và \(\frac{z}{\left(1-z^2\right)}\ge\frac{3\sqrt{3}}{2}z^2\) (3)
Cộng vế theo vế ta được \(VT=\frac{x}{1-x^2}+\frac{y}{1-y^2}+\frac{z}{1-z^2}\ge\frac{3\sqrt{3}}{2}\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)=\frac{3\sqrt{3}}{2}\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi và chỉ khi \(x=y=z=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}\)