Cho ba số thực a,b,c thỏa mãn: ab+bc+ca=3abc
Tìm giá trị nhỏ nhất của biểu thức \(A=\dfrac{a^3}{c+a^2}+\dfrac{b^3}{a+b^2}+\dfrac{c^3}{b+c^2}\)
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\(abc\ge\left(a+b-c\right)\left(b+c-a\right)\left(c+a-b\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow abc\ge\left(3-2a\right)\left(3-2b\right)\left(3-2c\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow9abc\ge12\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-27\)
\(\Rightarrow abc\ge\dfrac{4}{3}\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-3\)
\(P\ge\dfrac{9}{a\left(b^2+bc+c^2\right)+b\left(c^2+ca+a^2\right)+c\left(a^2+ab+b^2\right)}+\dfrac{abc}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{9}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\left(a+b+c\right)}+\dfrac{abc}{ab+bc+ca}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{3}{ab+bc+ca}+\dfrac{abc}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{3+abc}{ab+bc+ca}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{3+\dfrac{4}{3}\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-3}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{4}{3}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)
Lời giải:
Đặt $a+b+c=p; ab+bc+ac=q=1; abc=r$
$p,r\geq 0$
Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM: $p^2\geq 3q=3\Rightarrow p\geq \sqrt{3}$
$a,b,c\leq 1\Leftrightarrow (a-1)(b-1)(c-1)\leq 0$
$\Leftrightarrow p+r\leq 2\Rightarrow p\leq 2$
$P=\frac{(a+b+c)^2-2(ab+bc+ac)+3}{a+b+c-abc}=\frac{(a+b+c)^2+1}{a+b+c-abc}=\frac{p^2+1}{p-r}$
Ta sẽ cm $P\geq \frac{5}{2}$ hay $P_{\min}=\frac{5}{2}$
$\Leftrightarrow \frac{p^2+1}{p-r}\geq \frac{5}{2}$
$\Leftrightarrow 2p^2-5p+2+5r\geq 0(*)$
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Thật vậy:
Áp dụng BĐT Schur thì:
$p^3+9r\geq 4p\Rightarrow 5r\geq \frac{20}{9}p-\frac{5}{9}p^3$
Khi đó:
$2p^2-5p+2+5r\geq 2p^2-5p+2+\frac{20}{9}p-\frac{5}{9}p^3=\frac{1}{9}(2-p)(5p^2-8p+9)\geq 0$ do $p\leq 2$ và $p\geq \sqrt{3}$
$\Rightarrow (*)$ được CM
$\Rightarrow P_{\min}=\frac{5}{2}$
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi $(a,b,c)=(1,1,0)$ và hoán vị
Áp dụng bđt Schwarz ta có:
\(P=\dfrac{a^4}{2ab+3ac}+\dfrac{b^4}{2cb+3ab}+\dfrac{c^4}{2ac+3bc}\ge\dfrac{\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)^2}{5\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}\ge\dfrac{\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)^2}{5\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)}=\dfrac{1}{5}\).
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi và chỉ khi \(a=b=c=\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}\).
Ta có:
\(\dfrac{ab}{c}+\dfrac{bc}{a}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{ab}{c}.\dfrac{bc}{a}}=2b\)
Tương tự: \(\dfrac{ab}{c}+\dfrac{ca}{b}\ge2a\) ; \(\dfrac{bc}{a}+\dfrac{ca}{b}\ge2c\)
Cộng vế:
\(2P\ge2\left(a+b+c\right)\Rightarrow P\ge a+b+c=1\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=\dfrac{1}{3}\)
\(\sqrt{\dfrac{ab}{c+ab}}=\sqrt{\dfrac{ab}{c\left(a+b+c\right)+ab}}=\sqrt{\dfrac{ab}{\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{a}{a+c}+\dfrac{b}{b+c}\right)\)
Tương tự: \(\sqrt{\dfrac{bc}{a+bc}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{b}{a+b}+\dfrac{c}{a+c}\right)\) ; \(\sqrt{\dfrac{ca}{b+ca}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{a}{a+b}+\dfrac{c}{b+c}\right)\)
Cộng vế với vế:
\(P\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{a}{a+c}+\dfrac{c}{a+c}+\dfrac{b}{b+c}+\dfrac{c}{b+c}+\dfrac{b}{a+b}+\dfrac{a}{a+b}\right)=\dfrac{3}{2}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=\dfrac{1}{3}\)
Cho a, b, c, d là các chữ số thỏa mãn: ab+ca=da ab-ca=a Tìm giá trị của d.
Ta có:
\(\dfrac{a}{bc}+\dfrac{b}{ca}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{ab}{abc^2}}=\dfrac{2}{c}\)
Tương tự: \(\dfrac{a}{bc}+\dfrac{c}{ab}\ge\dfrac{2}{b}\) ; \(\dfrac{b}{ca}+\dfrac{c}{ab}\ge\dfrac{2}{a}\)
Cộng vế với vế: \(\Rightarrow\dfrac{a}{bc}+\dfrac{b}{ca}+\dfrac{c}{ab}\ge\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{2}+\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a^2+\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{a}\right)+\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a^2+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)+\dfrac{1}{2}\left(c^2+\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{1}{2}.3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{a^2}{a^2}}+\dfrac{1}{2}.3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{b^2}{b^2}}+\dfrac{1}{2}.3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{c^2}{c^2}}=\dfrac{9}{2}\)
\(P_{min}=\dfrac{9}{2}\) khi \(a=b=c=1\)
Lời giải:
Theo BĐT Cauchy Schwarz:
\(ab+bc+ac=3abc\Rightarrow 3=\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\geq \frac{9}{a+b+c}\)
\(\Rightarrow a+b+c\geq 3\)
Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM:
\(A=a-\frac{ca}{c+a^2}+b-\frac{ab}{a+b^2}+c-\frac{bc}{b+c^2}\)
\(=(a+b+c)-\left(\frac{ac}{c+a^2}+\frac{ab}{a+b^2}+\frac{bc}{b+c^2}\right)\)
\(\geq (a+b+c)-\left(\frac{ac}{2a\sqrt{c}}+\frac{ab}{2b\sqrt{a}}+\frac{bc}{2c\sqrt{b}}\right)\)
\(A\geq (a+b+c)-\frac{\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{b}+\sqrt{c}}{2}\)
Cũng theo BĐT AM-GM:
\(\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{b}+\sqrt{c}\leq \frac{a+1}{2}+\frac{b+1}{2}+\frac{c+1}{2}=\frac{a+b+c+1}{4}\)
\(\Rightarrow A\geq a+b+c-\frac{a+b+c+3}{4}=\frac{3}{4}(a+b+c)-\frac{3}{4}\geq \frac{3}{4}.3-\frac{3}{4}=\frac{3}{2}\)
Vậy \(A_{\min}=\frac{3}{2}\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=1\)
Em ko hiểu tại sao 3=1/a +1/b +1/c lại >=9/(a+b+c)