Cho các số nguyên a, b, c thỏa mãn\(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}=\frac{1}{abc}\)
chứng minh giá trị của biểu thức \(\left(1+a^2\right)\left(1+b^2\right)\left(1+c^2\right)\)là số chính phương
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\(A=\frac{1}{a^2\left(b+c\right)}+\frac{1}{b^2\left(c+a\right)}+\frac{1}{c^2\left(a+b\right)}\)
\(=\frac{abc}{a^2\left(b+c\right)}+\frac{abc}{b^2\left(c+a\right)}+\frac{abc}{c^2\left(a+b\right)}\)
\(=\frac{bc}{ab+ac}+\frac{ac}{bc+ba}+\frac{ab}{ac+bc}\)
Đặt: \(ab=x;bc=y;ac=z\)=> xyz = 1; x,y,z>0
\(A=\frac{y}{x+z}+\frac{z}{y+x}+\frac{x}{z+y}=\frac{y^2}{xy+yz}+\frac{z^2}{yz+xz}+\frac{x^2}{zx+xy}\)
\(\ge\frac{\left(x+y+z\right)^2}{2\left(xy+xz+xz\right)}\ge\frac{3\left(xy+yz+zx\right)}{2\left(xy+yz+zx\right)}=\frac{3}{2}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra <=> x = y = z= 1 => a = b = c = 1
Vậy gtnn của A = 3/2 tại a = b = c = 1
Vì \(abc=1\)nên trong 3 số a,b,c luôn có 2 số nằm cùng phía so với 1.
Không mất tính tổng quát ta giả sử 2 số đó là a và b, khi đó ta có:
\(\left(1-a\right)\left(1-b\right)\ge0\Leftrightarrow a+b\le1+ab=\frac{c+1}{c}\)
Do đó ta được:
\(\left(a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)\left(c+1\right)=\left(1+a+b+ab\right)\left(c+1\right)\)
\(=2\left(1+ab\right)\left(1+c\right)\le\frac{2\left(c+1\right)^2}{c}\)
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Bunhiacopxki ta có:
\(\frac{1}{\left(1+a\right)^2}+\frac{1}{\left(1+b\right)^2}\ge\frac{1}{\left(1+ab\right)\left(1+\frac{a}{b}\right)}+\frac{1}{\left(1+ab\right)\left(1+\frac{b}{a}\right)}\)
\(=\frac{b}{\left(1+ab\right)\left(a+b\right)}+\frac{a}{\left(1+ab\right)\left(a+b\right)}=\frac{1}{1+ab}=\frac{c}{c+1}\)
Do đó ta được:
\(\frac{1}{\left(1+a\right)^2}+\frac{1}{\left(1+b\right)^2}+\frac{1}{\left(1+c\right)^2}+\frac{2}{\left(1+a\right)\left(1+b\right)\left(1+c\right)}\)
\(\ge\frac{c}{c+1}+\frac{1}{\left(c+1\right)^2}+\frac{c}{\left(c+1\right)^2}=\frac{c\left(c+1\right)+1+c}{\left(c+1\right)^2}=1\)
Như vậy bất đẳng thức ban đầu được chứng minh. Đẳng thức xẩy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\).
Dễ dàng chứng minh được:
\(\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}\ge\frac{4}{x+y}\)với \(x,y>0\)(1)
Dấu bằng xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow x=y>0\)
Ta có:
\(\frac{a}{bc\left(a+1\right)}=\frac{a}{abc+bc}=\frac{a}{ab+bc+ca+bc}=\frac{a}{\left(ab+bc\right)+\left(bc+ca\right)}\)
Áp dụng (1), ta được:
\(\frac{1}{ab+bc}+\frac{1}{bc+ca}\ge\frac{4}{\left(ab+bc\right)+\left(bc+ca\right)}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{4\left(ab+bc\right)}+\frac{1}{4\left(bc+ca\right)}\ge\frac{1}{ab+bc+bc+ca}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{a}{4}\left(\frac{1}{ab+bc}+\frac{1}{bc+ca}\right)\ge\frac{a}{ab+bc+bc+ca}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{a}{4}\left(\frac{1}{ab+bc}+\frac{1}{bc+ca}\right)\ge\frac{a}{bc\left(a+1\right)}\left(2\right)\)
Dấu bằng xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow b=c>0\)
Chúng minh tương tự, ta được:
\(\frac{b}{4}\left(\frac{1}{ab+ca}+\frac{1}{bc+ca}\right)\ge\frac{b}{ca\left(b+1\right)}\left(3\right)\)
Dấu bằng xảu ra \(\Leftrightarrow a=c>0\).
\(\frac{c}{4}\left(\frac{1}{ac+ab}+\frac{1}{ab+bc}\right)\ge\frac{c}{ab\left(c+1\right)}\left(4\right)\)
Từ (2), (3) và (4), ta được:
\(\frac{a}{bc\left(a+1\right)}+\frac{b}{ca\left(b+1\right)}+\frac{c}{ab\left(c+1\right)}\le\)\(\frac{a}{4}\left(\frac{1}{ab+bc}+\frac{1}{bc+ac}\right)+\frac{b}{4}\left(\frac{1}{ac+bc}+\frac{1}{ac+ab}\right)\)\(+\frac{c}{4}\left(\frac{1}{ab+bc}+\frac{1}{ab+ac}\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow P\le\frac{1}{4}.\left(\frac{a}{ab+bc}+\frac{c}{ab+bc}\right)+\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{a}{bc+ac}+\frac{b}{bc+ac}\right)\)\(+\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{b}{ab+ac}+\frac{c}{ab+ac}\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow P\le\frac{a+c}{4\left(ab+bc\right)}+\frac{a+b}{4\left(bc+ac\right)}+\frac{b+c}{4\left(ab+ac\right)}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow P\le\frac{a+c}{4b\left(a+c\right)}+\frac{a+b}{4c\left(a+b\right)}+\frac{b+c}{4a\left(b+c\right)}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow P\le\frac{1}{4b}+\frac{1}{4c}+\frac{1}{4a}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow P\le\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{ab+bc+ca}{abc}\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow P\le\frac{1}{4}.\frac{abc}{abc}=\frac{1}{4}.1=\frac{1}{4}\)( vì \(ab+bc+ca=abc\))
Dấu bằng xảy ra
\(\Leftrightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}a=b=c>0\\ab+bc+ca=abc\end{cases}}\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=3\)
Vậy \(minP=\frac{1}{4}\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=3\)
\(\frac{1}{\left(1+a\right)^2}+\frac{1}{\left(1+b\right)^2}+\frac{1}{\left(1+b\right)^2}+\frac{2}{\left(1+a\right)\left(1+b\right)\left(1+c\right)}\ge1\)
<=> \(\left(1+b\right)^2\left(1+c\right)^2+\left(1+a\right)^2\left(1+b\right)^2+\left(1+a\right)\left(1+c\right)^2\)
\(+2\left(1+a\right)\left(1+b\right)\left(1+c\right)\ge\left(1+a\right)^2\left(1+b\right)^2\left(1+c\right)^2\)
<=> \(a^2+b^2+c^2\ge3\)đúng vì \(a^2+b^2+c^2\ge3\sqrt[3]{\left(abc\right)^2}=3\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra <=> a = b = c = 1
Đặt \(\hept{\begin{cases}a-b=x\\b-c=y\\c-a=z\end{cases}}\Rightarrow x+y+z=0\).
\(A^2=\left(\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{z}\right)^2=\frac{1}{x^2}+\frac{1}{y^2}+\frac{1}{z^2}+2\left(\frac{1}{xy}+\frac{1}{yz}+\frac{1}{zx}\right)\)
\(=4+2.\frac{x+y+z}{xyz}=4+0=4\).
\(\Leftrightarrow A=\pm2\).
Ta có: \(\frac{a^2+1}{c^2a^2}=\frac{1}{c^2}+\frac{1}{a^2c^2}=\frac{1}{c^2}+b^2\)
CMTT: \(\frac{b^2+1}{a^2b^2}=\frac{1}{a^2}+c^2\)
\(\frac{c^2+1}{b^2c^2}=\frac{1}{b^2}+a^2\)
=> \(\frac{a^2+1}{c^2a^2}+\frac{b^2+1}{a^2b^2}+\frac{c^2+1}{b^2c^2}=\frac{1}{a^2}+\frac{1}{b^2}+\frac{1}{c^2}+a^2+b^2+c^2\)
Áp dụng bđt: x2 + y2 + z2 \(\ge\)xy + yz + xz
CM đúng: <=> (x - y)2 + (y - z)2 + (z - x)2 \(\ge\)0 (luôn đúng với mọi x,y, z)
Do đó: \(\frac{a^2+1}{c^2a^2}+\frac{b^2+1}{a^2b^2}+\frac{c^2+1}{b^2c^2}\ge\frac{1}{ab}+\frac{1}{bc}+\frac{1}{ac}+ab+bc+ac=a+b+c+ab+bc+ac\)
\(=a\left(b+1\right)+b\left(c+1\right)+c\left(a+1\right)\)(đpcm)
\(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}=\frac{1}{abc}\Rightarrow\frac{ab+bc+ca}{abc}=\frac{1}{abc}\Rightarrow ab+bc+ca=1\)
Khi đó: \(\left(1+a^2\right)\left(1+b^2\right)\left(1+c^2\right)=\left[ab+bc+ca+a^2\right]\left[ab+bc+ca+b^2\right]\left[ab+bc+ca+c^2\right]\)
\(=\left[a\left(a+b\right)+c\left(a+b\right)\right]\left[b\left(a+b\right)+c\left(a+b\right)\right]\left[b\left(a+c\right)+c\left(a+c\right)\right]\)
\(=\left(a+b\right)^2\left(a+c\right)^2\left(b+c\right)^2\)là số chính phương.