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\(B=\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^3}+...+\dfrac{1}{3^{100}}\)
\(3B=1+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{3^{99}}\)
\(\Rightarrow3B-B=1-\dfrac{1}{3^{100}}\)
\(\Rightarrow2B=1-\dfrac{1}{3^{100}}\)
\(0< \dfrac{1}{3^{100}}< 1\Rightarrow0< 1-\dfrac{1}{3^{100}}< 1\)
\(\Rightarrow0< 2B< 1\Rightarrow0< B< \dfrac{1}{2}\Rightarrow\) B không phải số nguyên
\(S=\left(1-\dfrac{1}{4}\right)+\left(1-\dfrac{1}{9}\right)+\left(1-\dfrac{1}{16}\right)+...+\left(1-\dfrac{1}{n^2}\right)\\ S=\left(1+1+...+1\right)-\left(\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{9}+...+\dfrac{1}{n^2}\right)\\ S=n-1-\left(\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{9}+...+\dfrac{1}{n^2}\right)< n-1\)
Lại có \(\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{9}+..+\dfrac{1}{n^2}=\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{n^2}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{9}+...+\dfrac{1}{n^2}< \dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+...+\dfrac{1}{n\left(n-1\right)}< 1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{n-1}-\dfrac{1}{n}=1-\dfrac{1}{n}< 1\)
\(\Rightarrow S>n-1-1=n-2\\ \Rightarrow n-2< S< n-1\\ \Rightarrow S\notin N\)
Ta có 1/2x3<1/2^2<1/1x2;1/3x4<1/3^2<1/2x3;
.......
1/45x46<1/45^2<1/44x45
=>1/2x3+1/3x4+...+1/45x46<1/2^2+1/3^2+...+1/45^2<1/1x2+1/2x3+...+1/44x45
=>1/2-1/46<1/2^2+1/3^2+...+1/45^2<1-1/45
=>11/23<1/2^2+1/3^2+...+1/45^2<44/45
Mà11/23>0;44/45<1
=>0<1/2^2+1/3^2+...+1/45^2<1
Vậy 1/2^2+1/3^2+...+1/45^2 không phải là số nguyên
\(S=\dfrac{1}{2018}\left(1+\dfrac{1}{1}+1+\dfrac{1}{2}+1+\dfrac{1}{3}+...+1+\dfrac{1}{2018}\right)\)
\(S=\dfrac{1}{2018}\left(2018+\dfrac{1}{1}+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{2018}\right)\)
\(S=1+\dfrac{1}{2018}\left(\dfrac{1}{1}+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{2018}\right)\)
Do \(\dfrac{1}{2018}\left(\dfrac{1}{1}+\dfrac{1}{2}+...+\dfrac{1}{2018}\right)>0\Rightarrow S>1\) (1)
Lại có:
\(\dfrac{1}{1}+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{2018}< \dfrac{1}{1}+\dfrac{1}{1}+\dfrac{1}{1}+...+\dfrac{1}{1}=2018\)
\(\Rightarrow1+\dfrac{1}{2018}\left(\dfrac{1}{1}+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{2018}\right)< 1+\dfrac{1}{2018}.2018=2\)
\(\Rightarrow S< 2\) (2)
Từ (1), (2) \(\Rightarrow1< S< 2\)
\(\Rightarrow S\) nằm giữa 2 số tự nhiên liên tiếp nên S không phải là số tự nhiên
Lời giải:
$n=1$ thì $S=0$ nguyên nhé bạn. Phải là $n>1$
\(S=1-\frac{1}{1^2}+1-\frac{1}{2^2}+1-\frac{1}{3^2}+...+1-\frac{1}{n^2}\)
\(=n-\underbrace{\left(1+\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{n^2}\right)}_{M}\)
Để cm $S$ không nguyên ta cần chứng minh $M$ không nguyên. Thật vậy
\(M> 1+\frac{1}{2.3}+\frac{1}{3.4}+...+\frac{1}{n(n+1)}=1+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{4}+....+\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{n+1}\)
\(M>1+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{n+1}>1\) với mọi $n>1$
Mặt khác:
\(M< 1+\frac{1}{1.2}+\frac{1}{2.3}+...+\frac{1}{(n-1)n}=1+\frac{1}{1}-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}+....+\frac{1}{n-1}-\frac{1}{n}\)
\(M< 1+1-\frac{1}{n}< 2\)
Vậy $1< M< 2$ nên $M$ không nguyên. Kéo theo $S$ không nguyên.
Theo bài ra, ta có:
\(S=\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{16}\)
\(\Rightarrow S=\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{5}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{6}+\dfrac{1}{7}+\dfrac{1}{8}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{9}+\dfrac{1}{10}+\dfrac{1}{11}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{12}+\dfrac{1}{13}+\dfrac{1}{14}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{15}+\dfrac{1}{16}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow S< \left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{5}\right)+\dfrac{1}{6}.3+\dfrac{1}{9}.3+\dfrac{1}{12}.3+\dfrac{1}{15}.3\)
\(\Rightarrow S< \left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{5}\right)+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{5}\)
\(\Rightarrow S< 2\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{5}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow S< 2\left[\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{4}\right)\right]\)
\(\Rightarrow S< 2\left(\dfrac{2}{2}+\dfrac{2}{4}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow S< 2\left(\dfrac{2}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow S< 2.\dfrac{3}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow S< 3\left(1\right)\)
Lại có: \(S=\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{16}\)
\(\Rightarrow S=\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{5}+\dfrac{1}{6}+\dfrac{1}{7}+\dfrac{1}{8}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{9}+\dfrac{1}{10}+\dfrac{1}{11}+\dfrac{1}{12}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{13}+\dfrac{1}{14}+\dfrac{1}{15}+\dfrac{1}{16}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow S>\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}\right)+\dfrac{1}{8}.4+\dfrac{1}{12}.4+\dfrac{1}{16}.4\)
\(\Rightarrow S>\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}\right)+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}\)
\(\Rightarrow S>2\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow S>2\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{4}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow S>2\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{2}{4}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow S>2\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow S>2\)
Từ (1) và (2) suy ra \(2< S< 3\)
⇒ S không phải 1 số nguyên
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